Socioeconomic changes occurring over time influence the lifestyle choices of a population, and these can significantly affect children’s body weight and composition. The aim of this study was to assess the changes in prevalence of overweight, obesity and adiposity in pre-school children in Poland between 2008 and 2018. Body height, body weight and subscapular and triceps skinfolds were measured in 2167 children aged 3–7 years from Kraków. Body mass index and adiposity (percentage body fat, %BF) were calculated for the children, who were then categorized as underweight, normal weight, overweight or obese according to Cole’s cut-off points. Adiposity was categorized according to the z-scores for %BF as low (<−1), normal (−1 to 1) or high (>1). Differences between cohorts were analysed using the chi-squared test. Only the decrease in the prevalence of obesity in 5-year-old girls was found to be statistically significant. However, some overall tendencies were noted. Decreases in the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity were observed for both sexes, as well as in the incidence of high adiposity in boys and low adiposity in girls. Increases in the prevalence of high adiposity in girls and low adiposity in boys were also noted. There was no significant change in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among pre-school children over the study decade, and the visible tendencies included decreases in the prevalence of excess body weight and adiposity as well as underweight and low body fat. Also, the visible trends in adiposity were mostly negative. Further studies should, however, also consider the levels of physical fitness and activity of children, as these have a crucial influence on the measured characteristics.

中文翻译：

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2008 年至 2018 年波兰克拉科夫学龄前儿童超重/肥胖和肥胖患病率的变化

随着时间的推移发生的社会经济变化会影响人群的生活方式选择，这些变化会显着影响儿童的体重和成分。本研究的目的是评估 2008 年至 2018 年间波兰学龄前儿童超重、肥胖和肥胖患病率的变化。测量了 2167 名 3-7 岁儿童的身高、体重以及肩胛下和三头肌皮褶从克拉科夫。计算儿童的体重指数和肥胖（体脂百分比，%BF），然后根据 Cole 的临界点将儿童分为体重不足、正常体重、超重或肥胖。肥胖是根据z- %BF 得分为低 (<-1)、正常 (-1 到 1) 或高 (>1)。使用卡方检验分析群组之间的差异。只有 5 岁女孩肥胖患病率的下降具有统计学意义。但是，注意到了一些总体趋势。观察到男女体重过轻、超重和肥胖的患病率均有所下降，男孩高肥胖症和女孩低肥胖症的发生率也有所下降。还注意到女孩高肥胖率和男孩低肥胖率的增加。在研究十年中，学龄前儿童的超重和肥胖患病率没有显着变化，可见的趋势包括超重和肥胖以及体重不足和低体脂的患病率下降。还，肥胖的明显趋势大多是负面的。然而，进一步的研究还应考虑儿童的身体健康和活动水平，因为这些对测量的特征具有至关重要的影响。