The world is witnessing various pollutants in the environment since the last few decades that threaten human life. The biological responses to various pollutants show variations as the living system behaves differently in their sensitivities to the same types of pollutants. The relative response and activity depend upon the duration of exposure to the specific pollutant. It is impossible to stop various activities leading to environmental pollution; however, pollutants can be eliminated from the environment using the microorganisms. Application of biological processes can be executed in order to get rid of toxic pollutants through their biodegradation. The pollutants like hydrocarbons, heavy metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, nitro-aromatic compounds, non-chlorinated herbicides and pesticides, organophosphates, radionuclides can lead to serious health and environmental problems. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the effects of pollutants on the living beings and environment, microbial responses to pollution, and distribution of various biodegrading microorganisms in the environment. Profiling of biodegrading microorganisms, microbial biosensor to detect environmental pollution, and strain improvement through genetic manipulation to enhance the biodegradation process have been discussed in detail.

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潜在生物降解微生物的微生物指纹图谱

过去几十年来，世界见证了环境中各种威胁人类生命的污染物。由于生命系统对相同类型污染物的敏感性表现不同，因此对各种污染物的生物学反应显示出差异。相对响应和活性取决于暴露于特定污染物的持续时间。阻止各种导致环境污染的活动是不可能的；但是，可以使用微生物从环境中消除污染物。可以执行生物过程的应用，以通过其生物降解消除有毒污染物。污染物包括碳氢化合物，重金属，氯化碳氢化合物，硝基芳族化合物，非氯化除草剂和杀虫剂，有机磷酸盐，放射性核素可能导致严重的健康和环境问题。本文的主要目的是评估污染物对生物和环境的影响，微生物对污染的反应以及环境中各种生物降解性微生物的分布。详细讨论了可生物降解微生物的分析，检测环境污染的微生物传感器以及通过遗传操作改善生物降解过程的菌株改良。