Sikkim is one of the bio-diverse states of India, which harbors diverse alkaline and sulfur rich hot springs in its vicinity. However, there is a dearth of data present in terms of microbial and its functional diversity as only a few hot springs have been studied in this area. Thus, in this regard, microbial and functional diversity of two hot springs by NGS, PLFA, and culture-independent approaches were carried out. PLFA and culture-dependent analysis was complementary as the Gram-positive bacteria were abundant in both the hot springs with the dominance of phylum Firmicutes with Geobacillus. Metagenomic analysis revealed the abundance of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes in both hot springs. Functional metagenomics suggested that both Yumthang and Reshi hot spring possess a diverse set of genes analogous to stress such as genes allied to osmotic, heat shock, and acid stresses; defense analogies such as multidrug resistance efflux pump, multidrug transport system, and β-lactamase; and CRISPR analogues such as related to Cas1, Cas2, Cas3, cmr1-5 proteins, CT1972, and CT1133 gene families. The xenobiotic analogues were found against benzoate, nitrotolune, xylene, DDT, and chlorocyclohexane/chlorobenzene degradation. Thus, these defensive mechanisms against environmental and anthropogenic hiccups and hindrances provide the eco-efficiency to such thermal habitats. The higher enzymatic, degradation, defense, stress potential and the lower percentage identity (< 95%) of isolates encourage the further exploration and exploitation of these habitats for industrial and biotechnological purposes.

中文翻译：

---

细菌多样性和功能宏基因组学阐述了异种生物，压力，防御和CRISPR基因本体论的多样性，为喜马拉雅温泉提供了生态效率。

锡金（Sikkim）是印度的生物多样化州之一，其附近拥有各种碱性和富含硫的温泉。但是，由于微生物及其功能的多样性，目前尚缺乏数据，因为在该地区仅研究了一些温泉。因此，在这方面，通过NGS，PLFA和与培养无关的方法进行了两个温泉的微生物和功能多样性的研究。PLFA和依赖培养物的分析是互补的，因为在两个温泉中革兰氏阳性细菌都丰富，而固结菌门和地芽孢杆菌占主导地位。元基因组学分析显示，在两个温泉中都存在大量的变形杆菌，放线菌和硬菌。功能宏基因组学表明，两者均适用和Reshi温泉拥有与胁迫类似的多种基因，例如与渗透，热激和酸胁迫相关的基因。防御类比，例如多药耐药性外排泵，多药转运系统和β-内酰胺酶；和CRISPR类似物，例如与Cas1，Cas2，Cas3，cmr1-5蛋白，CT1972和CT1133基因家族相关的基因。发现异种生物类似物可抵抗苯甲酸酯，硝硝唑，二甲苯，滴滴涕和氯环己烷/氯苯的降解。因此，这些针对环境和人为打and以及障碍的防御机制为此类热生境提供了生态效率。较高的酶促，降解，防御，胁迫潜力和较低的分离物同一性百分比（<95％）鼓励出于工业和生物技术目的进一步探索和利用这些生境。