The milk oligosaccharides were studied for two species of the Carnivora: the American black bear (Ursus americanus, family Ursidae, Caniformia), and the cheetah, (Acinonyx jubatus, family Felidae, Feliformia). Lactose was the most dominant saccharide in cheetah milk, while this was a minor saccharide and milk oligosaccharides predominated over lactose in American black bear milk. The structures of 8 neutral saccharides from American black bear milk were found to be Gal(β1–4)Glc (lactose), Fuc(α1–2)Gal(β1–4)Glc (2′-fucosyllactose), Gal(α1–3)Gal(β1–4)Glc (isoglobotriose), Gal(α1–3)[Fuc(α1–2)]Gal(β1–4)Glc (B-tetrasaccharide), Gal(α1–3)[Fuc(α1–2)]Gal(β1–4)[Fuc(α1–3)]Glc (B-pentasaccharide), Fuc(α1–2)Gal(β1–4)[Fuc(α1–3)]GlcNAc(β1–3)Gal(β1–4)Glc (difucosyl lacto-N-neotetraose), Gal(α1–3)Gal(β1–4)[Fuc(α1–3)]GlcNAc(β1–3)Gal(β1–4)Glc (monogalactosyl monofucosyl lacto-N-neotetraose) and Gal(α1–3)Gal(β1–4)GlcNAc(β1–3)Gal(β1–4)Glc (Galili pentasaccharide). Structures of 5 acidic saccharides were also identified in black bear milk: Neu5Ac(α2–3)Gal(β1–4)Glc (3′-sialyllactose), Neu5Ac(α2–6)Gal(β1–4)GlcNAc(β1–3)[Fuc(α1–2)Gal(β1–4)GlcNAc(β1–6)]Gal(β1–4)Glc (monosialyl monofucosyl lacto-N-neohexaose), Neu5Ac(α2–6)Gal(β1–4)GlcNAc(β1–3)[Gal(α1–3)Gal(β1–4)GlcNAc(β1–6)]Gal(β1–4)Glc (monosialyl monogalactosyl lacto-N-neohexaose), Neu5Ac(α2–6)Gal(β1–4)GlcNAc(β1–3){Gal(α1–3)Gal(β1–4)[Fuc(α1–3)]GlcNAc(β1–6)}Gal(β1–4)Glc (monosialyl monogalactosyl monofucosyl lacto-N-neohexaose), and Neu5Ac(α2–6)Gal(β1–4)GlcNAc(β1–3){Gal(α1–3)[Fuc(α1–2)]Gal(β1–4)[Fuc(α1–3)]GlcNAc(β1–6)}Gal(β1–4)Glc (monosialyl monogalactosyl difucosyl lacto-N-neohexaose). A notable feature of some of these milk oligosaccharides is the presence of B-antigen (Gal(α1–3)[Fuc(α1–2)]Gal), α-Gal epitope (Gal(α1–3)Gal(β1–4)Glc(NAc)) and Lewis x (Gal(β1–4)[Fuc(α1–3)]GlcNAc) structures within oligosaccharides. By comparison to American black bear milk, cheetah milk had a much smaller array of oligosaccharides. Two cheetah milks contained Gal(α1–3)Gal(β1–4)Glc (isoglobotriose), while another cheetah milk did not, but contained Gal(β1–6)Gal(β1–4)Glc (6′-galactosyllactose) and Gal(β1–3)Gal(β1–4)Glc (3′-galactosyllactose). Two cheetah milks contained Gal(β1–4)GlcNAc(β1–3)[Gal(β1–4)GlcNAc(β1–6)]Gal(β1–4)Glc (lacto-N-neohexaose), and one cheetah milk contained Gal(β1–4)Glc-3’-O-sulfate. Neu5Ac(α2–8)Neu5Ac(α2–3)Gal(β1–4)Glc (disialyllactose) was the only sialyl oligosaccharide identified in cheetah milk. The heterogeneity of milk oligosaccharides was found between both species with respect of the presence/absence of B-antigen and Lewis x. The variety of milk oligosaccharides was much greater in the American black bear than in the cheetah. The ratio of milk oligosaccharides-to-lactose was lower in cheetah (1:1–1:2) than American black bear (21:1) which is likely a reflection of the requirement for a dietary supply of N-acetyl neuraminic acid (sialic acid), in altricial ursids compared to more precocial felids, given the role of these oligosaccharides in the synthesis of brain gangliosides and the polysialic chains on neural cell adhesion.

中文翻译：

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美国黑熊（Ursus americanus americanus）和猎豹（Acinonyx jubatus）的牛奶中低聚糖的化学结构。

对食肉动物的两种低聚糖进行了研究：美洲黑熊（美洲熊（Ursus americanus，Ursidae，Caniformia）和猎豹（Acinonyx jubatus，Felidae，Feliformia）。乳糖是猎豹牛奶中最主要的糖，而在美国黑熊牛奶中，乳糖是次要的糖和牛奶低聚糖，占主导地位。发现美国黑熊牛奶中的8种中性糖的结构为Gal（β1-4）Glc（乳糖），Fuc（α1-2），Gal（β1-4）Glc（2'-岩藻糖半乳糖），Gal（α1-4 3）Gal（β1-4）Glc（异球三糖），Gal（α1-3）[Fuc（α1-2））Gal（β1-4）Glc（B-四糖），Gal（α1-3）[Fuc（α1 –2）] Gal（β1-4）[Fuc（α1-3）] Glc（B-五糖），Fuc（α1-2）Gal（β1-4）[Fuc（α1-3））] GlcNAc（β1-3 ）Gal（β1-4）Glc（双岩藻糖基乳糖N-新四糖），Gal（α1-3），Gal（β1-4），[Fuc（α1-3）] GlcNAc（β1-3），Gal（β1-4）Glc（单半乳糖基单岩藻糖基乳糖-N-新四糖）和Gal（α1 –3）Gal（β1-4）GlcNAc（β1-3）Gal（β1-4）Glc（加利利五糖）。在黑熊牛奶中还鉴定了5种酸性糖的结构：Neu5Ac（α2-3）Gal（β1-4）Glc（3'-唾液乳糖），Neu5Ac（α2-6）Gal（β1-4）GlcNAc（β1-3 ）[Fuc（α1-2）Gal（β1-4）GlcNAc（β1-6）] Gal（β1-4）Glc（单唾液酸单岩藻糖基乳糖-N-新己糖），Neu5Ac（α2-6）Gal（β1-4） GlcNAc（β1–3）[Gal（α1–3）Gal（β1–4）GlcNAc（β1–6）] Gal（β1–4）Glc（单唾液酸单半乳糖基乳糖-N-新己糖），Neu5Ac（α2–6）Gal （β1-4）GlcNAc（β1-3）{Gal（α1-3）Gal（β1-4）[Fuc（α1-3）] GlcNAc（β1-6）} Gal（β1-4）Glc（单唾液酸单半乳糖基单岩藻糖基lacto- ñ-nehexahexaose）和Neu5Ac（α2-6）Gal（β1-4）GlcNAc（β1-3）{Gal（α1-3）[Fuc（α1-2））Gal（β1-4）[Fuc（α1-3] ）] GlcNAc（β1-6）} Gal（β1-4）Glc（单唾液酸基单半乳糖基二岩藻糖基乳糖-N-新己糖）。这些牛奶寡糖中的一个显着特征是存在B抗原（Gal（α1-3）[Fuc（α1-2]）Gal），α-Gal表位（Gal（α1-3））Gal（β1-4 ）Glc（NAc））和Lewis x（Gal（β1-4）[Fuc（α1-3））GlcNAc）结构。与美国黑熊奶相比，猎豹奶中的低聚糖含量要小得多。两种猎豹奶包含Gal（α1-3）Gal（β1-4）Glc（异球蛋白三糖），而另一种猎豹奶则不含，但是包含Gal（β1-6）Gal（β1-4）Glc（6'-半乳糖基乳糖）和Gal（β1-3）Gal（β1-4）Glc（3'-半乳糖半乳糖）。两种猎豹奶包含Gal（β1-4）GlcNAc（β1-3）[Gal（β1-4）GlcNAc（β1-6）] Gal（β1-4）Glc（乳酸-N-新己糖），另一种猎豹乳包含Gal（β1-4）Glc-3'-O-硫酸盐。Neu5Ac（α2-8）Neu5Ac（α2-3）Gal（β1-4）Glc（二烯丙基乳糖）是猎豹牛奶中唯一鉴定出的唾液酸寡糖。关于B-抗原和Lewis x的存在/不存在，在两种物种之间都发现了牛奶寡糖的异质性。在美洲黑熊中，牛奶低聚糖的种类要比在猎豹中大得多。猎豹中的牛奶低聚糖与乳糖之比（1：1-1：2）低于美国黑熊（21：1），这可能反映出需要从食物中摄取考虑到这些寡糖在合成脑神经节苷脂和多唾液酸链对神经细胞黏附的作用中，与其他早熟的猫科动物相比，在鼠李糖质中的N-乙酰神经氨酸（唾液酸）。