Aspergillus nomius is a potent producer of aflatoxins B and G and is one of the most common species of fungi found in Brazil nuts. Temperature is considered a major abiotic factor that influences fungal colonization and aflatoxin production in nuts during pre- and post-harvest. Therefore, assessment of the response of aflatoxigenic species to different temperatures is important to add information about the understanding of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus nomius and may help in the development of new strategies to prevent aflatoxin contamination. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of temperature (25, 30, and 35 °C) on the radial growth, aflatoxin production (B and G), and aflatoxin gene expression of seven A. nomius strains isolated from Brazil nuts. The optimal temperature for growth was 30 °C and was also the best condition for the expression of the aflR, aflD, and aflQ genes. However, maximum production of aflatoxins B and G occurred at 25 °C. Interestingly, high expression of the structural gene aflQ was observed in the maximum aflatoxin production condition (25 °C). The present study demonstrates that temperature may influence aflatoxin production by A. nomius. The combination of molecular and physiological data aids the understanding of the aflatoxigenic species response to different temperatures and can assist in predicting the driving environmental factors that influence aflatoxin contamination of Brazil nuts.

中文翻译：

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温度对巴西坚果分离的黑曲霉生长，基因表达和黄曲霉毒素产量的影响。

曲霉曲霉是黄曲霉毒素B和G的有效生产者，并且是巴西坚果中最常见的真菌之一。温度被认为是影响收获前和收获后坚果中真菌定植和黄曲霉毒素产生的主要非生物因素。因此，评估黄曲霉菌种对不同温度的反应很重要，这对于增加了解黑曲霉产黄曲霉毒素生产的信息很重要，并且可能有助于开发预防黄曲霉毒素污染的新策略。这项研究的目的是评估温度（25、30和35°C）对七个拟南芥径向生长，黄曲霉毒素产量（B和G）以及黄曲霉毒素基因表达的影响。从巴西坚果中分离出的菌株。生长的最佳温度为30°C，也是aflR，aflD和aflQ基因表达的最佳条件。但是，黄曲霉毒素B和G的最大产量发生在25°C。有趣的是，在最大的黄曲霉毒素生产条件（25°C）下观察到结构基因aflQ的高表达。本研究表明温度可能影响A. nomius产黄曲霉毒素。分子和生理数据的结合有助于了解黄曲霉毒素种类对不同温度的反应，并有助于预测影响巴西坚果中黄曲霉毒素污染的驱动环境因素。