In this study, the effect of industrial air pollution on developmental stages and pollen germination, pollen tube growth and fruit set of the apple cultivars ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Golab’ was studied. For this purpose, the flowers of the apple cultivars used were collected in early spring among the trees of the same age from Astaneh region as the non-polluted region, the region around the refinery as the semi-polluted region, and the Gavar region as the polluted region. The results of the variance analysis showed that the highest rate of pollen germination and pollen tube growth was associated with ‘Golden Delicious’ cultivar in Astaneh region; while, the lowest rate was related to the ‘Golab’ cultivar in Gavar region. The least amount of fruit set was related to pollen grains belonging to Gavar and refinery regions, whereas pollen grains from Astaneh region led to the highest amount of fruit set. Evaluation of the developmental stages of the anthers and pollen grains by light microscopy and SEM images of pollen grains showed that pollen grains from trees in polluted regions lost their normal forms and developed wrinkles. The results indicated that the effect of pollution on production of pollen grains with abnormal shape in the ‘Golab’ cultivar was more than the ‘Golden Delicious’ cultivar. Therefore, it is recommended for areas with air pollution to cultivate ‘Golden Delicious’ instead of ‘Golab’.

中文翻译：

---

空气污染对“金冠”和“果粒”苹果品种花粉萌发，花粉管生长和坐果的影响

在这项研究中，研究了工业空气污染对苹果品种“金冠”和“戈拉布”的发育阶段以及花粉萌发，花粉管生长和坐果的影响。为此，早春采摘的苹果栽培品种的花是从Astaneh地区（无污染地区），炼油厂周围的地区（为半污染地区）和Gavar地区（相同地区）同龄树木中采集的。受污染的地区。方差分析的结果表明，花粉发芽率和花粉管生长的最高速率与Astaneh地区的“ Golden Delicious”品种有关。而最低的发生率与加瓦尔地区的“ Golab”品种有关。坐果最少的是属于加瓦尔和精炼厂地区的花粉粒，而来自Astaneh地区的花粉粒导致最多的坐果次数。通过光学显微镜和花粉粒的SEM图像评估花药和花粉粒的发育阶段，结果表明受污染地区树木的花粉粒失去了正常形态并出现了皱纹。结果表明，污染对“ Golab”品种花粉粒形态异常的影响大于“ Golden Delicious”品种。因此，建议在空气污染的地区种植“黄金美味”而不是“ Golab”。通过光学显微镜和花粉粒的SEM图像评估花药和花粉粒的发育阶段，结果表明受污染地区树木的花粉粒失去了正常形态并出现了皱纹。结果表明，污染对“ Golab”品种花粉粒形态异常的影响大于“ Golden Delicious”品种。因此，建议在空气污染的地区种植“黄金美味”而不是“ Golab”。通过光学显微镜和花粉粒的SEM图像评估花药和花粉粒的发育阶段，结果表明受污染地区树木的花粉粒失去了正常形态并出现了皱纹。结果表明，污染对“ Golab”品种花粉粒形态异常的影响大于“ Golden Delicious”品种。因此，建议在空气污染的地区种植“黄金美味”而不是“ Golab”。