This article considers a closed-loop green supply chain with both forward and reverse dual-channels, where a manufacturer produces and sells a single green product to the potential customers through both the direct online channel (e-tail/internet) and the traditional retail channel in the forward dual-channel, and collects the used products for remanufacturing from the customers through both the retail and the direct online channels in the reverse dual-channel (Model II). The pricing and greening strategies for the channel members and the whole supply chain are derived both analytically and numerically under centralized and three decentralized scenarios viz. manufacturer-led and retailer-led decentralized scenarios and Nash game. These results are compared with those in the case when reverse logistic does not exist (Model I). Two special cases are examined when the products are returned through only online channel and only retail channel. Sensitivity analysis is performed to explore the effect of key model-parameters on optimal decisions. From numerical analysis, it is observed that the retail price in the centralized scenario is higher than that in the decentralized scenario, which contradicts the result due to double marginalization, and the retailer-led decentralized policy provides higher profit than the other decentralized policies. Model II gives better result in terms of profit of the whole supply chain, whereas Model I suggests a more environment-friendly product. It is also observed that the channel members gain more profit when the retailer only collects the used products.

中文翻译：

---

双通道闭环绿色供应链的定价和绿化策略

本文考虑具有正向和反向双通道的闭环绿色供应链，其中制造商通过直接在线渠道（e-tail / internet）和传统零售渠道生产和销售单一绿色产品给潜在客户在正向双通道中通过渠道销售，并通过反向双通道（模型II）中的零售和直接在线渠道从客户那里收集用于再制造的二手产品。渠道成员和整个供应链的定价和绿化策略是在集中式和三个分散式场景下通过分析和数值推导得出的。以制造商为主导，零售商为主导的分散场景和Nash游戏。将这些结果与不存在逆向逻辑的情况（模型I）进行比较。仅通过在线渠道和仅通过零售渠道退回产品时，将检查两种特殊情况。进行敏感性分析以探索关键模型参数对最佳决策的影响。从数值分析可以看出，集中式方案的零售价格高于分散式方案的价格，这与双重边际化的结果相矛盾，零售商主导的分散式策略提供的利润要高于其他分散式策略。在整个供应链的利润方面，模型II给出了更好的结果，而模型I则提出了更环保的产品。还可以观察到，当零售商仅收集使用过的产品时，渠道成员会获得更多利润。