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Improved Bounds for Quantified Derandomization of Constant-Depth Circuits and Polynomials
computational complexity ( IF 1.4 ) Pub Date : 2019-04-22 , DOI: 10.1007/s00037-019-00179-2
Roei Tell

This work studies the question of quantified derandomization, which was introduced by Goldreich and Wigderson (STOC 2014). The generic quantified derandomization problem is the following: For a circuit class $${\mathcal{C}}$$C and a parameter B=B(n), given a circuit $${C\in\mathcal{C}}$$C∈C with n input bits, decide whether C rejects all of its inputs, or accepts all but B(n) of its inputs. In the current work, we consider three settings for this question. In each setting, we bring closer the parameter setting for which we can unconditionally construct relatively fast quantified derandomization algorithms, and the “threshold” values (for the parameters) for which any quantified derandomization algorithm implies a similar algorithm for standard derandomization. For constant-depth circuits, we construct an algorithm for quantified derandomization that works for a parameter B(n) that is only slightly smaller than a “threshold” parameter and is significantly faster than the best currently known algorithms for standard derandomization. On the way to this result, we establish a new derandomization of the switching lemma, which significantly improves on previous results when the width of the formula is small. For constant-depth circuits with parity gates, we lower a “threshold” of Goldreich and Wigderson from depth five to depth four and construct algorithms for quantified derandomization of a remaining type of layered depth-3 circuit that they left as an open problem. We also consider the question of constructing hitting-set generators for multivariate polynomials over large fields that vanish rarely and prove two lower bounds on the seed length of such generators. Several of our proofs rely on an interesting technique, which we call the randomized tests technique. Intuitively, a standard technique to deterministically find a “good” object is to construct a simple deterministic test that decides the set of good objects, and then “fool” that test using a pseudorandom generator. We show that a similar approach works also if the simple deterministic test is replaced with a distribution over simple tests, and demonstrate the benefits in using a distribution instead of a single test.

中文翻译:

恒定深度电路和多项式量化去随机化的改进边界

这项工作研究了 Goldreich 和 Wigderson 提出的量化去随机化问题(STOC 2014)。通用量化去随机化问题如下: 对于电路类 $${\mathcal{C}}$C 和参数 B=B(n),给定电路 $${C\in\mathcal{C}} $$C∈C 具有 n 个输入位,决定 C 是拒绝其所有输入,还是接受除 B(n) 之外的所有输入。在目前的工作中,我们考虑了这个问题的三个设置。在每个设置中,我们使参数设置更接近,我们可以无条件地构建相对快速的量化去随机化算法,以及任何量化去随机化算法的“阈值”值(参数)意味着标准去随机化的类似算法。对于恒定深度电路,我们构建了一种量化去随机化算法,该算法适用于仅略小于“阈值”参数的参数 B(n),并且比目前最知名的标准去随机化算法要快得多。在得到这个结果的路上,我们建立了一个新的切换引理的去随机化,当公式的宽度很小时,它显着改善了以前的结果。对于具有奇偶校验门的恒定深度电路,我们将 Goldreich 和 Wigderson 的“阈值”从深度 5 降低到深度 4,并构建算法以对剩余类型的分层深度 3 电路进行量化去随机化,他们将其作为一个未解决的问题。我们还考虑了在很少消失的大域上为多元多项式构建命中集生成器的问题,并证明这种生成器的种子长度有两个下界。我们的一些证明依赖于一种有趣的技术,我们称之为随机测试技术。直观地说,确定性地找到“好”对象的标准技术是构建一个简单的确定性测试来决定好对象的集合,然后使用伪随机生成器“愚弄”该测试。我们表明,如果简单的确定性测试被简单测试上的分布替换,类似的方法也有效,并证明了使用分布而不是单个测试的好处。直观地说,确定性地找到“好”对象的标准技术是构建一个简单的确定性测试来决定好对象的集合,然后使用伪随机生成器“愚弄”该测试。我们表明,如果简单的确定性测试被简单测试上的分布替换,类似的方法也有效,并证明了使用分布而不是单个测试的好处。直观地说,确定性地找到“好”对象的标准技术是构建一个简单的确定性测试来决定好对象的集合,然后使用伪随机生成器“愚弄”该测试。我们表明,如果简单的确定性测试被简单测试上的分布替换,类似的方法也有效,并证明了使用分布而不是单个测试的好处。
更新日期:2019-04-22
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