Emotions influence the way drivers process and react to internal or environmental factors, but relatively little research has focused on drivers’ emotions. Of many emotional states, anger is considered the most serious threat on the road. Therefore, having an affective intelligent system in the car that can estimate drivers’ anger and respond to it appropriately can help drivers adapt to moment-to-moment changes in driving situations. To this end, we integrated behavioral, physiological, and subjective data to monitor drivers’ affective states in various driving contexts to address the question: “can self-selected music mitigate the effects of anger on driving performance?” In our experiment, three groups of participants (in total 52) drove using a driving simulator: anger without music, anger with music, and neutral without music. Results showed that angry drivers who did not listen to music had riskier driving behavior than emotion-neutral drivers. Results from heart rate, oxygenation level in prefrontal cortex, and self-report questionnaires showed that music could help angry drivers react at the similar level to emotion-neutral drivers. Regarding personality characteristics, drivers who had anger-expression out style had riskier driving behavior. Divers’ workload data showed lower performance and higher effort for angry drivers without music. In conclusion, this study shows that multimodal sensing can be effectively used to holistically assess drivers’ emotional states and that music can be used as a possible multimodal strategy to mitigate the anger effects on driving performance as well as drivers’ subjective experiences.

中文翻译：

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生气的驾驶员如何应对情感音乐？评估情绪的综合观点

情绪影响驾驶员的处理方式以及对内部或环境因素的反应方式，但是相对较少的研究集中在驾驶员的情绪上。在许多情绪状态中，愤怒被认为是道路上最严重的威胁。因此，在汽车中拥有一个可以估算驾驶员愤怒并对其做出适当反应的情感智能系统，可以帮助驾驶员适应驾驶情况下的瞬间变化。为此，我们整合了行为，生理和主观数据，以在各种驾驶环境中监控驾驶员的情感状态，以解决以下问题：“自选音乐能否减轻愤怒对驾驶性能的影响？” 在我们的实验中，三组参与者（总共52位）使用驾驶模拟器开车：没有音乐的愤怒，有音乐的愤怒和没有音乐的中立。结果表明，不听音乐的愤怒驾驶员比中性情绪驾驶员更具危险性。心率，额叶前额皮质的充氧水平和自我报告调查表的结果表明，音乐可以帮助愤怒的驾驶员做出与情绪中立的驾驶员相似的反应。在人格特征方面，表现愤怒的驾驶员的驾驶行为较为危险。潜水员的工作量数据显示，对于生气勃勃的没有音乐的驾驶员来说，性能较低，而工作量更大。总而言之，这项研究表明，多模式感测可以有效地用于整体评估驾驶员的情绪状态，并且音乐可以用作减轻驾驶员对驾驶性能和主观体验的愤怒影响的一种多模式策略。