Rosemary oil was extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide (CO₂) as a solvent. The parameters of pressure, temperature, and ethanol as co-solvent were evaluated through a Taguchi experimental design. Extraction yield of rosemary oil increased with high pressure (350 bar) and mid-range temperature (40 °C), while the addition of ethanol as co-solvent did not improve the extraction yield. Palmitic, α-linolenic, linoleic, oleic, and stearic acid were the main fatty acids detected (3.96% w/w) in the extracted oil. The major volatile compounds found in the oil (75.74% w/w) included d-camphor, eicosane, 1,8-cineole, tetracosane, borneol, and β-caryophyllene. The extracted oils showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans, while Escherichia coli was less sensitive to inhibition. Antioxidant activities on DPPH and TEAC assays were higher at 60 °C, 100 bar without ethanol, while antioxidant activity on FRAP assay was improved at 40 °C, 100 bar, and ethanol as co-solvent. Operational conditions used in the present extraction process (a variation in temperature, pressure, and co-solvent) are described.

Graphical Abstract

中文翻译：

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超临界CO 2萃取对迷迭香中脂肪酸谱，挥发性化合物和生物活性的影响

迷迭香油通过超临界二氧化碳（CO ₂）作为溶剂萃取。通过Taguchi实验设计评估了压力，温度和乙醇作为共溶剂的参数。迷迭香油的提取率随着高压（350 bar）和中温（40°C）的增加而增加，而添加乙醇作为助溶剂并不能提高提取率。棕榈油，α-亚麻酸，亚油酸，油酸和硬脂酸是提取油中检测到的主要脂肪酸（3.96％w / w）。油中发现的主要挥发性化合物（75.74％w / w）包括d-樟脑，二十烷，1,8-桉树脑，十四烷，冰片和β-石竹烯。提取的油对金黄色葡萄球菌，铜绿假单胞菌和白色念珠菌，而大肠杆菌对抑制作用较不敏感。在无乙醇的60°C，100 bar下，DPPH和TEAC分析的抗氧化活性更高，而在40°C，100 bar和乙醇作为共溶剂时，在FRAP分析上的抗氧化活性有所提高。描述了在本萃取过程中使用的操作条件（温度，压力和助溶剂的变化）。

图形概要