Eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus spp.) is the main tree cultivated for cellulose pulp production in Brazil and is raised in large-scale monocrop plantations based on a two-dimensional system (rows and lines) of trees of the same age and hence height. There are opportunities to incorporate these huge plantations into agroforestry systems to create ecologically designed production systems. Plants respond to environment by modifying their structures, which in turn mediate their relationships with the available solar radiation—the main parameter affecting plant performance, provided other minimum conditions are met. In this way, it is possible to design a new system as a whole in view of maximizing solar radiation absorption and thus productivity. A tridimensional structure intermediated by a planting time scale (the fourth dimension) was designed on a conventional grid system. The Wave Project, which started in 2009, uses this concept to create a canopy with a wave-like appearance and to have production waves spaced in time. Eucalyptus was planted in alleys and monocrop (for comparison purposes) all at the same spacing (3 × 2 m) at different times. The different heights of neighboring Eucalyptus (the third dimension) allowed a much higher solar radiation exposure. With such an arrangement trees were allowed to present architecture modification in relation to those in monocrop conditions. Trees were able to greatly expand their canopies when exposed to increasing solar radiation availability, thus improving their growth rates. The use of the other two dimensions (height and time) is greatly ignored. With the time scale it is possible to design production systems that evolve. The adjustment of the temporal issue to plants’ development and systems’ architecture management presents a great possibility of increases on production with ecological adjustments—still unexplored.

中文翻译：

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农林业系统的树冠结构：波形系统的初步评估

桉树 (Eucalyptus spp.) 是巴西用于纤维素纸浆生产的主要树种，在大型单作种植园中种植，基于树龄和高度相同的二维系统（行和行）。有机会将这些巨大的种植园纳入农林业系统，以创建生态设计的生产系统。植物通过改变它们的结构来对环境做出反应，这反过来又会调节它们与可用太阳辐射的关系——如果满足其他最低条件，这是影响植物性能的主要参数。以这种方式，考虑到最大限度地吸收太阳辐射并从而最大限度地提高生产率，可以设计一个新系统作为一个整体。以种植时间尺度（第四维）为中介的三维结构是在传统的网格系统上设计的。始于 2009 年的 Wave 项目利用这一概念创造了一个具有波浪状外观的顶篷，并使生产波浪在时间上间隔开。桉树在不同时间以相同的间距（3 × 2 m）种植在小巷和单作（用于比较目的）中。相邻桉树（第三维）的不同高度允许更高的太阳辐射暴露。通过这样的安排，树木被允许呈现与单一作物条件下的结构相关的结构修改。当暴露在日益增加的太阳辐射下时，树木能够大大扩展它们的树冠，从而提高它们的生长速度。其他两个维度（高度和时间）的使用被大大忽略了。随着时间的推移，可以设计不断发展的生产系统。植物发展和系统架构管理的时间问题的调整提供了通过生态调整增加产量的巨大可能性 - 尚未探索。