Habitat is the foundation for healthy and productive fisheries. For fish that require substrate for spawning, lack of appropriate spawning substrate is inherently limiting and a lack of access to suitable spawning habitat will lead to population collapse. To ensure management resources are being allocated wisely and conservation targets are being achieved, there is an increased need to consider the effectiveness of techniques to enhance or create habitat that has been lost. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effectiveness of techniques currently used to create or enhance spawning habitat for substrate-spawning (including vegetation-spawning) fish in temperate regions, and to investigate the factors that influence the effectiveness of habitat creation or enhancement. Searches for primary research studies on the effect of spawning habitat creation or enhancement for substrate-spawning fish were conducted in bibliographic databases, on websites and an online search engine, through evidence call-outs, social media, and Advisory Team contacts, and in the bibliographies of relevant reviews. All articles were screened at two stages (title and abstract, and full-text), with consistency checks being performed at each stage. Relevant articles were critically appraised and meta-data and quantitative data were extracted into a database. All included studies were described narratively and studies that met the criteria for meta-analysis were analyzed quantitatively. A total of 75 studies from 64 articles were included in this systematic review and underwent data extraction and critical appraisal. The majority of these studies were from North America (78.1%) and a large percentage (63.7%) targeted salmonids. We conducted a meta-analysis using data from 22 studies with 53 data sets. Available evidence suggests that the addition or alteration of rock material (e.g., gravel, cobble) was effective in increasing the abundance of substrate-spawning fish compared to controls, with a taxonomic bias towards salmonids (5/6 data sets). The addition of plant material (e.g., large woody debris) with or without physical alterations to the waterbody (e.g., excavation) was also effective in increasing substrate-spawning fish abundance on average compared to controls. Egg life stages (i.e., nests, redds, zygotes or developing embryos) were associated with larger increases in abundance with habitat creation or enhancement than age-0 life stages (i.e., alevin, fry, young-of-the-year). We found no detectable effect of ecosystem type (lotic vs. lentic waterbodies) or time since habitat creation or enhancement on intervention effectiveness for fish abundance. The synthesis of available evidence suggests that the addition or alteration of rock material (e.g., addition of gravel, substrate washing) was an effective means of enhancing spawning habitat, but results may only be applicable for salmonids. Furthermore, the synthesis suggests that on average, the addition of plant material with or without waterbody modifications was also effective at increasing fish abundance. Overall, we were limited in our ability to address many of the questions that stakeholders have regarding the circumstances under which spawning habitat creation or enhancement is effective for substrate-spawning fish. Before we can provide recommendations with a higher level of certainty, we need to improve research and reporting, and expand research focus to include a broader range of species and intervention types. We provide several recommendations aimed at researchers and practitioners to improve the quality of evidence being generated.

中文翻译：

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产卵温带鱼类产卵栖息地的创造或增强的有效性：系统综述

栖息地是健康和生产性渔业的基础。对于需要使用底物进行产卵的鱼类，固有的限制是缺乏合适的产卵底物，而无法获得合适的产卵栖息地将导致种群崩溃。为了确保合理地分配管理资源并实现保护目标，越来越需要考虑增强或创造已失去的栖息地的技术的有效性。该系统评价的目的是评估当前在温带地区为底栖产卵（包括植被产卵）鱼创造或增强产卵栖息地的技术的有效性，并调查影响创造或增强栖息地有效性的因素。 。在书目数据库，网站和在线搜索引擎中，通过证据标注，社交媒体和咨询团队联系以及在书目数据库中搜索了关于产卵栖息地的创造或增强对产卵鱼类的影响的基础研究。参考书目。所有文章均在两个阶段（标题和摘要以及全文）进行筛选，并在每个阶段进行一致性检查。对相关文章进行了严格评估，并将元数据和定量数据提取到数据库中。对所有纳入研究进行叙述性描述，并对符合荟萃分析标准的研究进行定量分析。该系统评价包括来自64篇文章的75项研究，并进行了数据提取和关键评估。这些研究大多数来自北美（78.1％），很大一部分（63.7％）是针对鲑鱼的。我们使用来自53个数据集的22个研究的数据进行了荟萃分析。现有证据表明，与对照相比，添加或改变岩石材料（例如，砾石，鹅卵石）可有效增加底栖产卵鱼类的数量，并在分类学上偏向鲑鱼（5/6数据集）。与对照相比，在水体上添加或不添加物理更改（例如，开挖）的植物材料（例如，大的木屑）也可以有效地平均增加底栖产卵量。卵的生命阶段（即巢，变红，合子或发育中的胚胎）与0岁以下生命阶段（即，Alevin，鱼苗，年轻的）。我们发现，自生境创建或增强对鱼类丰度的干预效果以来，没有发现生态系统类型（常规水体和小体水体）或时间的可检测影响。现有证据的综合表明，添加或更改岩石材料（例如添加碎石，洗底物）是增强产卵栖息地的有效手段，但结果可能仅适用于鲑鱼。此外，该合成表明，平均而言，添加具有或不具有水体修饰的植物材料也可以有效地增加鱼类的丰度。总体而言，我们在解决利益相关者对产卵栖息地的创造或增强对底栖产卵鱼类有效的情况下存在的许多问题的能力有限。在我们能够提供更高确定性的建议之前，我们需要改进研究和报告，并扩大研究重点，以包括更广泛的物种和干预类型。我们针对研究人员和从业人员提供了一些建议，以提高所生成证据的质量。