Like the organism they constitute, the cells also die in different ways. The death can be predetermined, programmed, and cleanly executed, as in the case of apoptosis, or it can be traumatic, inflammatory, and sudden as many types of necrosis exemplify. Nevertheless, there are a number of cell deaths—some of them bearing a resemblance to apoptosis and/or necrosis, and many, distinct from each—that serve a multitude of roles in either supporting or disrupting the homoeostasis. Apoptosis is coordinated by death ligands, caspases, b-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family proteins, and their downstream effectors. Events that can lead to apoptosis include mitotic catastrophe and anoikis. Necrosis, although it has been considered an abrupt and uncoordinated cell death, has many molecular events associated with it. There are cell death mechanisms that share some standard features with necrosis. These include methuosis, necroptosis, NETosis, pyronecrosis, and pyroptosis. Autophagy, generally a catabolic pathway that operates to ensure cell survival, can also kill the cell through mechanisms such as autosis. Other cell-death mechanisms include entosis, ferroptosis, lysosome-dependent cell death, and parthanatos.

中文翻译：

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真核生物中的细胞死亡机制。

像它们构成的生物一样，细胞也以不同的方式死亡。死亡可以像凋亡一样被预先确定，编程并完全执行，也可以是创伤性，炎症性和猝死，例如多种类型的坏死。然而，仍有许多细胞死亡（其中一些与凋亡和/或坏死相似，许多与每种死亡不同），在支持或破坏同稳态中起着多种作用。凋亡由死亡配体，胱天蛋白酶，b细胞淋巴瘤2（Bcl-2）家族蛋白及其下游效应器协调。可能导致细胞凋亡的事件包括有丝分裂灾难和神经过敏。坏死虽然被认为是细胞死亡的突然和不协调的死亡，但有许多与其相关的分子事件。有一些细胞死亡机制与坏死共享一些标准特征。这些包括变态，坏死性皮炎，NETosis，发烧坏死和发烧。自噬，通常是一种分解代谢途径，可确保细胞存活，它也可以通过自噬等机制杀死细胞。其他细胞死亡机制包括肠胃蠕动，铁屑病，依赖溶酶体的细胞死亡和单性腺炎。