Abstract

Gallibacterium anatis is a Gram-negative bacterium of the Pasteurellaceae family that resides normally in the respiratory and reproductive tracts in poultry. It is a major cause of oophoritis, salpingitis, and peritonitis, decreases egg production and mortality in hens thereby severely affecting animal welfare and overall productivity by poultry industries across Europe, Asia, America, and Africa. In addition, it has the ability to infect wider host range including domesticated and free-ranging avian hosts as well as mammalian hosts such as cattle, pigs and human. Evaluating the common virulence factors including outer membrane vesicles, fimbriae, capsule, metalloproteases, biofilm formation, hemagglutinin, and determining novel factors such as the RTX–like toxin GtxA, elongation factor-Tu, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) has pathobiological, diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic significance. Treating this bacterial pathogen with traditional antimicrobial drugs is discouraged owing to the emergence of widespread multidrug resistance, whereas the efficacy of preventing this disease by classical vaccines is limited due to its antigenic diversity. It will be necessary to acquire in-depth knowledge on important virulence factors, pathogenesis and, concerns of rising antibiotic resistance, improvised treatment regimes, and novel vaccine candidates to effectively tackle this pathogen. This review substantially describes the etio-epidemiological aspects of G. anatis infection in poultry, and updates the recent development in understanding the pathogenesis, organism evolution and therapeutic and prophylactic approaches to counter G. anatis infection for safeguarding the welfare and health of poultry.

摘要

没食子酸杆菌是巴斯德氏菌的革兰氏阴性菌通常居住在家禽的呼吸道和生殖道中的家庭。它是卵巢炎，输卵管炎和腹膜炎的主要原因，降低了母鸡的产蛋量和死亡率，从而严重影响了欧洲，亚洲，美洲和非洲的禽业的动物福利和整体生产力。此外，它还具有感染范围更广的宿主的能力，包括驯养和散养的禽类宿主以及牛，猪和人等哺乳动物宿主。评估常见的毒力因子，包括外膜囊泡，菌毛，荚膜，金属蛋白酶，生物膜形成，血凝素，并确定新的因子，例如RTX样毒素GtxA，延伸因子-Tu，以及成簇规则间隔的短回文重复序列（CRISPR）病理生物学，诊断，预防，和治疗意义。由于广泛的多药耐药性的出现，不鼓励用传统的抗菌药物治疗这种细菌病原体，而经典疫苗预防这种疾病的效果由于其抗原多样性而受到限制。有必要深入了解重要的毒力因素，发病机理以及对抗生素耐药性上升的关注，即兴的治疗方案以及有效应对这种病原体的新型候选疫苗。这篇评论基本上描述了流行病学的流行病学方面 然而，由于其抗原多样性，经典疫苗预防这种疾病的功效有限。有必要深入了解重要的毒力因素，发病机理以及对抗生素耐药性上升的关注，即兴的治疗方案以及有效应对这种病原体的新型候选疫苗。这篇评论基本上描述了流行病学的流行病学方面 然而，由于其抗原多样性，经典疫苗预防这种疾病的功效有限。有必要深入了解重要的毒力因素，发病机理以及对抗生素耐药性上升的关注，即兴的治疗方案以及有效应对这种病原体的新型候选疫苗。这篇评论基本上描述了流行病学的流行病学方面家禽G. anatis感染，并更新了在了解发病机理，生物进化以及对抗G. anatis感染以维护家禽福利和健康的治疗和预防方法方面的最新进展。