During 2015–2016, a strong El Niño, the “Godzilla El Niño,” which is similar to El Niño events that occurred in 1982/1983 and 1997/1998, occurred in the Pacific Ocean. In this paper, we report on the influence of the “Godzilla El Niño” on the sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a (Chla) concentrations in the Tehuantepec upwelling system using satellite observation data. A time-series of the SST and Chla levels in a circular site with a diameter of approximately 54 km centered at the fixed position (15°N, 94.75°W) for the period from January 2003 to December 2016 was obtained using a Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer. To estimate the vertical water velocity, a wind velocity time series was obtained from the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service to assess its variation over the period from January 2014 to December 2016. The results showed unusually high SSTs (> 28 °C) and atypically low Chla concentrations (< 0.1 mg m−3) in the domain of interest during the winter of 2015/2016. In the region of study, the SST in January 2016 was 5.13 °C higher than it had been in January of 2015, whereas the Chla concentration was 1.56 mg m−3 lower over this period. We found that the “Godzilla El Niño” impacted the Tehuantepec upwelling system in the following ways: (1) the wind and vertical water velocity during the winter of 2015/2016 were slightly higher than those observed during the winters of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015; (2) the coastal SST values were elevated during the winter of 2015/2016 compared to their levels during the previous two winters, revealing nutrient-poor water advection; and (3) the Chla concentrations during the 2015/2016 winter season were unusually low compared to their levels during the previous two winters. Our interpretation of these results is that in the Tehuantepec Gulf the wind was strong and induced vertical water velocities reaching up to 6 m day−1 during the “Godzilla El Niño” event (winter 2015/2016); however, the levels of Chla during this period were lower than they had been in previous years. In particular, the levels were lower than they had been during the previous winters. This suggests that, although the wind during the event favored strong upwelling, the water that was advected to the upper layer was nutrient poor.

中文翻译：

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卫星观测“哥斯拉厄尔尼诺”对墨西哥太平洋特万特佩上升流系统的影响

在2015-2016年期间，太平洋上发生了强烈的厄尔尼诺现象，即与1982/1983年和1997/1998年发生的厄尔尼诺事件相似的“哥斯拉厄尔尼诺”。在本文中，我们使用卫星观测数据报告了“哥斯拉厄尔尼诺”对特万特佩克上升流系统中海温（SST）和叶绿素a（Chla）浓度的影响。使用中等分辨率获得了2003年1月至2016年12月期间以固定位置（15°N，94.75°W）为中心的直径约54 km的圆形站点中SST和Chla水平的时间序列成像光谱仪。要估算垂直水速，从哥白尼海洋环境监测服务获得了风速时间序列，以评估其在2014年1月至2016年12月期间的变化。结果显示，SST异常高（> 28°C），Chla浓度异常低（<0.1 mg m −3）在2015/2016年冬季的关注范围内。在研究区域，2016年1月的SST比2015年1月的SST高5.13°C，而在此期间Chla的浓度低1.56 mg m-3。我们发现“哥斯拉厄尔尼诺”以下列方式影响了特万特佩克上升流系统：（1）2015/2016年冬季的风速和垂直水流速度略高于2013/2014年和2014年冬季的风速和垂直水速/ 2015; （2）与前两个冬季相比，2015/2016年冬季的沿海SST值有所升高，表明营养贫乏的水对流；（3）与前两个冬季相比，2015/2016年冬季的Chla浓度异常低。我们对这些结果的解释是，在Tehuantepec海湾，风很强，在“哥斯拉厄尔尼诺”事件（2015/2016年冬季）期间，垂直水速达到了每天1m达6 m。但是，此期间的Chla水平低于往年。特别是，该水平低于以前的冬季。这表明，尽管在活动期间风有利于强烈上升，但输送到上层的水营养不良。