Virus-like particles (VLPs) are a type of subunit vaccine which resembles viruses but do not contain any genetic material so that they are not infectious. VLPs maintain the same antigenic conformation to the original virus, and they could be a better vaccine candidate than live-attenuated and inactivated vaccines. In addition, compared to other subunit vaccines such as soluble protein, VLPs can stimulate both innate and adaptive immune responses effectively and safely against several pathogens by the closer morphology to its native virus. They have already been licensed as vaccines against Hepatitis B virus, human papillomavirus (HPV), and several veterinary diseases. Moreover, it has been investigated to prevent other viral infections including HIV. While HIV VLP-based vaccines have been studied over 35 years, none of them has been successful enough to reach even Phase III clinical trials. In this review, we summarize: (i) general features of VLPs; (ii) epidemiological data and current status of vaccine research and development on HPV and HIV; and (iii) previous studies held on HPV VLPs, HIV VLPs, and chimeric HPV/HIV VLPs including production methods and different animal immunization assays. Furthermore, we review present state of human clinical trials with VLPs and consider the potential to develop a successful preventive HIV vaccine using HPV VLP models. Finally, we discuss the benefits, limitations, and challenges of developing chimeric VLP-based HPV/HIV vaccines with recent findings, critical issues to improve VLP-based vaccines, and hot topics for the next 5 years to join the global effort to fight against these two pathogens.

中文翻译：

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设计用于人类乳头瘤病毒和HIV的嵌合病毒样颗粒疫苗：经验教训。

病毒样颗粒（VLP）是一种亚单位疫苗，类似于病毒，但不包含任何遗传物质，因此没有传染性。VLP与原始病毒保持相同的抗原构象，与减毒活疫苗和灭活疫苗相比，它们可能是更好的候选疫苗。此外，与其他亚基疫苗（例如可溶性蛋白）相比，VLP通过更接近其天然病毒的形态，可以有效，安全地针对多种病原体刺激先天免疫和适应性免疫应答。它们已被许可用作抗乙型肝炎病毒，人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）和几种兽医疾病的疫苗。此外，已经进行了研究以预防包括HIV在内的其他病毒感染。尽管基于HIV VLP的疫苗已经研究了35年以上，他们都没有足够的成功达到甚至III期临床试验。在本文中，我们总结：（i）VLP的一般功能；（ii）关于HPV和HIV的流行病学数据和疫苗研发现状；（iii）关于HPV VLP，HIV VLP和嵌合HPV / HIV VLP的先前研究，包括生产方法和不同的动物免疫分析。此外，我们回顾了使用VLP进行人类临床试验的现状，并考虑了使用HPV VLP模型开发成功的预防性HIV疫苗的潜力。最后，我们将结合最近的发现，开发基于VLP的疫苗的关键问题以及未来5年加入全球抗击流感的热点话题，讨论开发基于VLP的嵌合VLP的HPV / HIV疫苗的好处，局限和挑战。这两种病原体。