Ever since Thomas Hunt Morgan’s discovery of the chromosomal basis of inheritance by using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism, the fruit fly has remained an essential model system in studies of genome biology, including chromatin organisation. Very much as in vertebrates, in Drosophila, the genome is organised in territories, compartments and topologically associating domains (TADs). However, these domains might be formed through a slightly different mechanism than in vertebrates due to the presence of a large and potentially redundant set of insulator proteins and the minor role of dCTCF in TAD boundary formation. Here, we review the different levels of chromatin organisation in Drosophila and discuss mechanisms and factors that might be involved in TAD formation. The dynamics of TADs and enhancer–promoter interactions in the context of transcription are covered in the light of currently conflicting results. Finally, we illustrate the value of polymer modelling approaches to infer the principles governing the three-dimensional organisation of the Drosophila genome.

中文翻译：

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果蝇中的3D基因组组织。

自从托马斯·亨特·摩根（Thomas Hunt Morgan）通过使用果蝇（Drosophila melanogaster）作为模型生物发现遗传的染色体基础以来，果蝇一直是基因组生物学（包括染色质组织）研究中必不可少的模型系统。与果蝇的脊椎动物非常相似，在果蝇中，基因组的组织是在区域，隔室和拓扑关联域（TAD）中进行。但是，由于存在大量且可能是冗余的绝缘蛋白，并且dCTCF在TAD边界形成中的作用很小，因此这些结构域的形成机制可能与脊椎动物略有不同。在这里，我们审查果蝇中染色质组织的不同水平，并讨论可能与TAD形成有关的机制和因素。鉴于目前矛盾的结果，涵盖了转录过程中TAD的动力学和增强子-启动子的相互作用。最后，我们说明了聚合物建模方法的价值，以推断果蝇基因组的三维组织的原理。