Osteoarthritis (OA), as a degenerative joint disease, is the most common form of joint disorder that causes pain, stiffness, and other symptoms associated with OA. Various genetic, biomechanical, and environmental factors have a relevant role in the development of OA. To date, extensive efforts are currently being made to overcome the poor self-healing capacity of articular cartilage. Despite the pivotal role of chondrocytes, their proliferation and repair capacity after tissue injury are limited. Therefore, the development of new strategies to overcome these constraints is urgently needed. Recent advances in regenerative medicine suggest that pluripotent stem cells are promising stem cell sources for cartilage repair. Pluripotent stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the capacity to differentiate into different types of cells and can self-renew indefinitely. In the past few decades, numerous attempts have been made to regenerate articular cartilage by using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The potential applications of patient-specific iPSCs hold great promise for regenerative medicine and OA treatment. However, there are different culture conditions for the preparation and characterization of human iPSCs-derived chondrocytes (hiChondrocytes). Recent biochemical analyses reported that several paracrine factors such as TGFb, BMPs, WNT, Ihh, and Runx have been shown to be involved in cartilage cell proliferation and differentiation from human iPSCs. In this review, we summarize and discuss the paracrine interactions involved in human iPSCs differentiation into chondrocytes in different cell culture media.

骨关节炎（OA）是一种退化性关节疾病，是导致疼痛，僵硬和与OA相关的其他症状的最常见的关节疾病形式。各种遗传，生物力学和环境因素在OA的发展中具有重要作用。迄今为止，目前正在进行广泛的努力以克服关节软骨不良的自愈能力。尽管软骨细胞发挥关键作用，但组织损伤后其增殖和修复能力受到限制。因此，迫切需要开发克服这些限制的新策略。再生医学的最新进展表明，多能干细胞是用于软骨修复的有前途的干细胞来源。多能干细胞是未分化的细胞，具有分化为不同类型细胞的能力，并且可以无限期自我更新。在过去的几十年中，已经进行了许多尝试通过使用诱导性多能干细胞（iPSC）再生关节软骨。特定于患者的iPSC的潜在应用在再生医学和OA治疗方面具有广阔的前景。但是，用于制备和表征人iPSCs来源的软骨细胞（hiChondrocytes）的培养条件不同。最近的生化分析报告表明，几种旁分泌因子（例如TGFb，BMP，WNT，Ihh和Runx）已参与了软骨细胞的增殖和与人iPSC的分化。在这篇评论中