Buffer strips are uncultivated zones left along the boundaries of crops. Buffer strips are used to eliminate or reduce the environmental impact of herbicides. As the efficiency of buffer strips is improved by the presence of non-crop vegetation, we studied the possible role of growing the perennial grass Festuca arundinacea. We investigated the activity in festuca of glutathione S-transferase (GST), which is an enzyme very active in metabolising herbicides. Our results evidence GST activity, which is enhanced by the following compounds: benoxacor, cloquintocet-mexyl, fenchlorazol-ethyl, fenclorim, fluxofenim and oxabetrinil. These synthetic compounds are named herbicide safeners because they protect crop plants against injury from some herbicides without reducing the action of herbicides against the target weeds. The increases in GST activity were found to be concomitant with changes in V_max and K_M, that are kinetic constants related directly to the enzyme concentration in the protein “pull” and inversely to the substrate-enzyme affinity, respectively. In particular, V_max increase with K_M decrease was observed in response to benoxacor, V_max increases were found in response to fenchlorazol-ethyl, fenclorim, fluxofenim and oxabetrinil, and K_M decrease was observed in response to cloquintocet-mexyl. The GST activity was also found to be enhanced by the safeners when it was tested toward the herbicides terbuthylazine and butachlor as substrates. In particular, the increases in GST toward terbuthylazine ranged in the following decreasing order: 154.6%, 91.7%, 89.2%, 88.3%, 82.5% and 30.8% in response to fluxofenim, fenchlorazol-ethyl, fenclorim, oxabetrinil, benoxacor and cloquintocet-mexyl, respectively. The increases in GST toward butachlor ranged in the following decreasing order: 77.0%, 71.2% 59.0%, 41.0% and 33.1% in response to oxabetrinil, benoxacor, fenclorim, fluxofenim and fenchlorazol-ethyl, respectively. A further test, performed to evaluate the relevance of the above effects on a macro-scale level, evidenced 10.1% and 32.7% increased amounts of metabolised terbuthylazine and butachlor, respectively, in response to the addition of benoxacor safener to the herbicide treatments. These results indicate that herbicide diffusion following the runoff of surface waters can be prevented or significantly reduced by vegetating buffer strips with festuca and by the combination of herbicide and a suitable safener.

中文翻译：

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Festuca arundinacea草和除草剂安全剂可防止除草剂污染

缓冲带是沿农作物边界留下的未耕地带。缓冲带用于消除或减少除草剂对环境的影响。由于非农作物的存在改善了缓冲带的效率，因此我们研究了多年生禾草Festuca arundinacea的生长作用。我们研究了谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GST）在羊茅中的活性，谷胱甘肽S-转移酶是一种在代谢除草剂中非常活跃的酶。我们的结果证明了GST活性，该活性可通过以下化合物增强：苯甲沙星，氯喹托克塞米西酯，苯甲唑唑-乙基，芬克林，芬太尼和氧杂贝特尼。这些合成化合物之所以被称为除草剂安全剂，是因为它们可保护作物免受某些除草剂的伤害，而又不会降低除草剂对目标杂草的作用。发现GST活性的增加与V _max和K _M的变化同时发生，V _max和K _M的动力学常数分别直接与蛋白质“拉”中的酶浓度有关，而与底物-酶的亲和力成反比。特别地，V _max随着苯甲沙星的反应，随着K _M的增加而增加，对苯甲唑唑-乙基，芬克林，芬太尼和氧杂贝地尼的响应_最大V _max增加，并且K _M观察到对喹诺酮类药物的反应减少。当对除草剂丁丁嗪和丁草胺作为底物进行测试时，安全剂还可以提高GST活性。特别是，GST朝叔丁嗪的增加按以下递减顺序排列：响应于氟索南，氟氯唑醇-乙基，芬氯林，氧杂贝特尼，贝诺沙星和氯喹托塞特-的浓度分别为154.6％，91.7％，89.2％，88.3％，82.5％和30.8％。甲苯基 GST向丁草胺的增加按以下递减顺序排列：分别响应于奥沙贝利尼，贝诺沙尔，芬克洛林，fluxofenim和fenchlorazol-ethyl，分别为77.0％，71.2％，59.0％，41.0％和33.1％。进行了进一步测试以评估上述影响在宏观水平上的相关性，证明有10.1％和32。响应于除草剂处理中添加了倍诺沙星安全剂，代谢的丁苯噻嗪和丁草胺的量分别增加了7％。这些结果表明，通过用羊茅种植缓冲带以及除草剂和合适的安全剂的组合，可以防止或显着减少地表水径流后除草剂的扩散。