Genetically modified herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape or canola (Brassica napus L.) is at the forefront of being introduced into European agriculture. Concerns have been raised about how genetically modified oilseed rape cultivation and the modified cropping practices might impair the agro-environment. The present review compiles and categorises evidenced and potential agro-environmental effects of cultivating genetically modified oilseed rape and assesses the data quality of published references. Cropping practice changes were identified for (a) the introduction of genetically modified oilseed rape cultivation per se, (b) time, mode and rate of herbicide application, and spraying frequencies, (c) soil tillage and cover crops, (d) crop rotations and (e) coexistence measures to avoid mixing of genetically modified and non-genetically modified cultivation systems. Agro-environmental effects identified are directly linked to the herbicide tolerance technology and may impact ecological processes on various scales. The herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape biology, genotype and co-existence constraints with neighbouring agricultural systems also entail various agro-environmental effects. The potential and especially the well-evidenced adverse effects on the agroenvironment, according to European legislation, require a systematic monitoring of genetically modified oilseed rape. The most evidenced adverse effects to be monitored are persistence and/or spread of feral herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape and volunteers, transfer of herbicide tolerance to wild relatives and decline in agrobiodiversity, and development of herbicide tolerance in weeds, as well as adverse effects on field organisms and/or soil bio-geochemical cycles. Other well-evidenced potential adverse effects include reduced crop rotation options, increased late-season herbicide drift and pollution, and implications for microbial and faunal activities due to altered agrochemical profiles, as well as implications of feral herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape on neighbouring habitats.

中文翻译：

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转基因抗除草剂的油菜对耕作方式的改变对农业环境的影响及监测的意义。回顾

转基因耐除草剂的油菜或油菜（甘蓝型油菜）L.）处于引进欧洲农业的最前沿。人们对转基因油菜的种植和改良的种植方式如何损害农业环境提出了关切。本文综述了转基因油菜栽培的证据和潜在的农业环境影响，并进行了分类，并评估了已发表参考文献的数据质量。确定了以下种植方式的变化：（a）本身引入了转基因油菜的种植，（b）除草剂施用的时间，方式和速率以及喷洒频率，（c）土壤耕作和覆盖作物，（d）轮作（e）采取共存措施，避免将转基因和非转基因的栽培系统混为一谈。确定的农业环境影响与除草剂耐受技术直接相关，并可能影响各种规模的生态过程。耐除草剂的油菜的生物学，基因型和与邻近农业系统的共存限制也带来了各种农业环境影响。根据欧洲立法，对农业环境的潜在影响，尤其是充分证明的不利影响，需要对转基因油菜进行系统的监测。要监测的最明显的不利影响是耐野性除草剂的油菜和志愿者的持久性和/或传播，除草剂耐受性向野生亲缘的转移和农业生物多样性的下降以及杂草中除草剂耐受性的发展，以及对田间生物和/或土壤生物地球化学循环的不利影响。其他充分证明的潜在不利影响包括减少农作物轮作，增加后期除草剂的漂移和污染，由于农药的化学性质改变而对微生物和动物活动的影响以及对耐除草剂性的菜子对邻近生境的影响。