Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are sustainable alternatives to internal combustion engine vehicles thanks to the use of environmentally-friendly electric energy and the reduction of off-gas emissions. One of the major concerns associated with the adoption of PEVs is the distance limit, i.e. the fact that PEVs may not be able to complete trips without recharging. In this study, we propose to model the assignment of mixed-vehicular traffic of PEVs with two different charging capabilities accounting for PEV range constraints. We consider two recharge modes: charging stations with recharge time and modern charging lanes where PEVs are recharged automatically by traversing the lanes. The main objective of this study is to explore the influences of multi-modal recharge service provision on individual trips and network performance. First, a network transformation method is proposed to incorporate recharge decisions within the PEV route choice model. Second, we develop a novel convex programming formulation for mixed-vehicular traffic assignment accounting for en-route multi-modal recharge, derive mathematical properties and propose solution algorithms. In this rich traffic assignment framework, PEV route choice is represented as a resource-constrained shortest path subproblem with recharge time and we identify a suitable exact algorithm to solve this subproblem during the assignment process. Finally, computational experiments are conducted to demonstrate the performance of the proposed models and algorithms. The numerical results reveal that the incorporation of PEV multi-modal recharge has a significant impact on both route choice strategies and equilibrium flow patterns, wherein influencing factors include the distance limit, deployment of charging stations and charging lanes, and recharge time. In addition, we identify counter-intuitive configurations with regard to the way range constraints and recharge time reshape the equilibrium network flows.

中文翻译：

---

电动汽车多模式充电的距离受限交通分配

插电式电动汽车（PEV）由于使用环保电能并减少了废气排放，因此是内燃机汽车的可持续替代产品。与采用PEV相关的主要问题之一是距离限制，即PEV可能不充电就无法完成行程的事实。在这项研究中，我们建议用考虑PEV范围约束的两种不同充电能力对PEV的混合车辆交通分配进行建模。我们考虑了两种充电模式：带充电时间的充电站和现代充电车道，其中PEV通过横穿车道自动充电。这项研究的主要目的是探讨多式联运充值服务提供对个人出行和网络性能的影响。第一，提出了一种网络转换方法，将补给决策纳入PEV路线选择模型中。其次，我们为混合车辆交通分配开发了一种新颖的凸规划公式，以解决途中多模式充电问题，推导了数学性质并提出了求解算法。在这种丰富的交通分配框架中，PEV路线选择表示为具有充电时间的资源受限的最短路径子问题，我们在分配过程中确定了一种合适的精确算法来解决该子问题。最后，进行了计算实验以证明所提出的模型和算法的性能。数值结果表明，PEV多模式补给的加入对路径选择策略和平衡流模式都有重大影响，其中影响因素包括距离限制，充电站和充电车道的部署以及充电时间。此外，我们在范围限制和充电时间重塑平衡网络流量方面确定了违反直觉的配置。