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A Review on the Factors Affecting the Deposition, Retention, and Biodegradation of Oil Stranded on Beaches and Guidelines for Designing Laboratory Experiments
Current Pollution Reports ( IF 7.3 ) Pub Date : 2019-11-26 , DOI: 10.1007/s40726-019-00129-0
Michel Boufadel , Xiaolong Geng , Chunjiang An , Edward Owens , Zhi Chen , Kenneth Lee , Elliott Taylor , Roger C. Prince

The distribution and persistence of oil within the matrix of a beach depends on the oil and beach properties, the presence of fines in the water column, and beach hydrodynamics and biochemistry. In this review, we attempted to provide an assessment of the journey of oil from offshore oil spills until it deposits within beaches. In particular, we addressed the disparity of spatial scales between microscopic processes, such as the formation of oil particle aggregates and oil biodegradation, and large-scale forcings, such as the tide. While aerobic biodegradation can remove more than 80% of the oil mass from the environment, its rate depends on the pore water concentration of oxygen and nutrients, both of them vary across the beach and with time. For this reason, we discussed in details the methods used for measuring water properties in situ and ex situ. We also noted that existing first-order decay models for oil biodegradation are expedient, but might not capture impacts of water chemistry on oil biodegradation. We found that there is a need to treat the beach–nearshore system as one unit rather than two separate entities. Scaling down large-scale hydrodynamics requires a coarser porous medium in the laboratory. Unfortunately, this implies that microscopic-scale processes cannot be reproduced in such a setup, and one needs a separate system for simulating small-scale processes. Our findings of large spatio-temporal variability in pore-water properties suggest that major advancements in addressing oil spills on beaches require holistic approaches that combine hydrodynamics with biochemistry and oil chemistry.

中文翻译:

影响海滩上搁浅的油的沉积,保留和生物降解的因素及实验室实验设计指南的评述

油在海滩基质中的分布和持久性取决于油和海滩的性质,水柱中细粒的存在以及海滩的水动力和生物化学。在这篇评论中,我们试图对海上溢油泄漏直至其沉积在海滩中的过程进行评估。特别是,我们解决了微观过程之间的空间尺度差异,例如油粒聚集体的形成和石油生物降解,以及大规模强迫(如潮汐)。有氧生物降解可以从环境中去除80%以上的油量,但其速率取决于孔隙水中氧气和养分的浓度,它们在整个海滩上都随时间而变化。为此原因,我们详细讨论了用于现场和非现场测量水性质的方法。我们还注意到,现有的用于石油生物降解的一阶衰减模型很方便,但可能无法捕获水化学对石油生物降解的影响。我们发现有必要将海滩-近海系统视为一个单元,而不是两个单独的实体。按比例缩小大规模流体力学要求在实验室中使用较粗糙的多孔介质。不幸的是,这意味着无法在这种设置中复制微观规模的过程,并且需要一个单独的系统来模拟小规模过程。
更新日期:2019-11-26
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