Prescribed burning plays an important role in the management of many ecosystems and can also be used to mitigate landscape-scale fire risk. Safe and effective application of prescribed fire requires that managers have a robust understanding of potential fire behavior in order to decide on the appropriate tools and tactics for any burning operation. Shrubland ecosystems, including heaths and moors, are known to exhibit intense fire behavior under marginal burning conditions under which fire would not be expected to spread in other vegetation types. This makes developing fire behavior predictions for such systems important. Traditional managed burning is widely used as a tool in Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull-dominated heath and moorland landscapes in northwest Europe, but in some regions, especially the United Kingdom, there is significant debate over fire use. Despite the controversy, there is general agreement on the need to (1) understand relationships between fuel structure and potential fire behavior, and (2) improve burning practice to optimize potential trade-offs between different ecosystem services. Our aim was to provide knowledge to improve management practice by developing models of potential fireline intensity and flame length. We conducted 27 burns in three developmental stages of Calluna with different stand structures and estimated fireline intensity, flame length, flame height, and flame angle. Flame properties were assessed using photographs and visual observation. We evaluated our models using a participatory research approach for which conservation and land managers submitted basic observations on fire behavior and fire weather for their burns. Fireline intensity and flame height increased significantly across age-related Calluna phases. Regression modeling revealed that fireline intensity could be adequately estimated by a combination of fuel height and wind speed, with taller fuels and higher wind speeds related to more intense fires. Predictions were, however, improved by accounting for live fuel moisture content. Flame length and height were modeled as a function of fireline intensity using standard approaches, but adequately performing models for flame angle could not be established. Evaluation data provided by land managers was noisy, but their qualitative assessments of fire behavior and estimates of flame length were significantly correlated with predictions from our models. Fire intensities and flame properties seen in northern Calluna heathlands are similar to those encountered in shrublands associated with climates and fuels more commonly perceived as representing high fire danger. The results demonstrated that our models perform tolerably well although there is substantial uncertainty in their predictions. The models were used to develop a fire behavior nomogram that can provide an indication of potential fireline intensity and flame length prior to commencing a burn.

中文翻译：

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开发和管理上的烧伤FIRELINE强度和阻燃性能车型的参与性评价Calluna酒店-dominated荒野

规定的燃烧在许多生态系统的管理中起着重要作用，也可用于减轻景观火灾风险。安全有效地使用规定的火灾，要求管理人员对潜在的火灾行为有深刻的了解，以便为任何燃烧操作选择合适的工具和策略。灌木丛生态系统（包括荒地和沼泽）在边缘燃烧条件下表现出强烈的燃烧行为，在这种情况下，预计不会在其他植被类型中蔓延。这使得开发此类系统的火灾行为预测变得重要。在北欧，但在某些地区，尤其是英国，传统的有管理的燃烧方法被广泛用作寻常的卡鲁纳寻常型（L.）赫尔族荒地和高沼地景观的工具。关于火灾使用的争论很大。尽管存在争议，但在以下方面达成了普遍共识：（1）了解燃料结构与潜在着火行为之间的关系；（2）改进燃烧方式，以优化不同生态系统服务之间的潜在权衡。我们的目的是通过开发潜在的火线强度和火焰长度模型来提供知识，以改善管理实践。我们在不同构架结构的愈伤组织的三个发育阶段进行了27次燃烧，并估算了火线强度，火焰长度，火焰高度和火焰角度。使用照片和视觉观察评估火焰特性。我们使用参与性研究方法评估了我们的模型，为此养护和土地管理人员提交了有关烧伤火灾行为和火灾天气的基本观察结果。在与年龄相关的愈伤组织阶段，火线强度和火焰高度显着增加。回归模型显示，可以通过结合燃料高度和风速来充分估算火线强度，其中更高的燃料和更高的风速与更强烈的火灾有关。但是，通过考虑活性燃料的水分含量可以改善预测。使用标准方法将火焰长度和高度建模为火线强度的函数，但是无法建立性能充分的火焰角度模型。土地经理提供的评估数据比较嘈杂，但是他们对燃烧行为的定性评估和火焰长度的估计与我们模型的预测值显着相关。卡鲁纳北部荒地的火势和火焰特性与灌木林遇到的类似，与气候和燃料相关，更常见的是代表着高火危险。结果表明，尽管我们的模型的预测存在很大的不确定性，但它们的表现可以耐受。该模型用于建立起火行为诺模图，可以在开始燃烧之前提供潜在的火线强度和火焰长度的指示。卡鲁纳北部荒地的火势和火焰特性与灌木林遇到的类似，与气候和燃料相关，更常见的是代表着高火危险。结果表明，尽管我们的模型的预测存在很大的不确定性，但它们的表现可以耐受。该模型用于建立起火行为诺模图，可以在开始燃烧之前提供潜在的火线强度和火焰长度的指示。卡鲁纳北部荒地的火势和火焰特性与灌木林遇到的类似，与气候和燃料相关，更常见的是代表着高火危险。结果表明，尽管我们的模型的预测存在很大的不确定性，但它们的表现可以耐受。该模型用于建立起火行为诺模图，可以在开始燃烧之前提供潜在的火线强度和火焰长度的指示。