Special Issue: Hans Hess—A lifelong passion for fossil echinoderms,Swiss Journal of Palaeontology

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Special Issue: Hans Hess—A lifelong passion for fossil echinoderms
Swiss Journal of Palaeontology ( IF 3 ) Pub Date : 2018-11-19 , DOI: 10.1007/s13358-018-0177-6
Christian A. Meyer

The present special issue is dedicated to a very special personality, a person who had a life-long passion for palaeontology. Hans Hess, a world-renowned echinoderm specialist is no longer among us; this is in indeed sad news. Hans passed away peacefully last year after a battle against leukaemia. He was a pragmatic person; he even announced his lethal diagnosis in an e-mail to most of his peers. He, however, was not completely struck by this message; on the contrary, he told me that now he would not start new projects anymore but needed to finish several manuscripts that were “in the pipeline”.

I, myself, owe Hans so much, because he was one of my mentors when I was a young palaeontologist studying asteroids, brittle stars and crinoids and later on, a peer for discussions on fossil echinoderms when I was the director of the Natural History Museum in Basel.

Hans, who never ceased publishing excellent research in his long life, has now stopped to do so, it is a real loss. This is one of the reasons why we decided to edit a special echinoderm issue in the Swiss Journal of Palaeontology to honour his scientific work and his life.

It is noteworthy that this is the second special issue dedicated to Hans, the first was in honour of his 80th anniversary and constituted at the same time the first volume of the Swiss Journal of Palaeontology (2011).

This special issue came into being by writing to many personal “echinoderm friends“ and colleagues of Hans, who did not hesitate with their contributions for a fine accolade to Hans. We have arranged the volume according to the different echinoderm classes starting with Hans’ most favourite class, the Crinoidea. Hans has devoted the very last years of his life completely to this group culminating in the publication of the revised Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology (Part T Volume 3 Crinoidea) co-authored by Charles “Chuck” Messing (Hess and Messing 2011).

The special issue starts with a contribution about Hans’ life and passion for echinoderms by Walter Etter. As a curator of Invertebrate Palaeontology at the Natural History Museum in Basel, Walter Etter was in close contact with long-time volunteer Hans Hess.

In the first article, Hans Hess and Ben Thuy have teamed up to take a closer look at the origin and evolution of a poorly understood crinoid group, the cyrtocrinids. They present phylogenetic, palaeobiogeographic and palaeoecological evidence that suggests a deep-sea origin of these crinoids that temporarily invaded shallow seas in the Early Jurassic. At the same time, this is the last contribution by the late Hans Hess.

Bill Ausich is evaluating the Disparida with a parsimony-based phylogenetic study. The Disparida exhibit forms with both simple and highly specialized morphologies. Some of the families can be consistently identified as clades whereas others remain ambiguous.

Tom Baumiller and Forest Gahn present a new study on an old case of parasitism, the association of crinoids with platyceratid gastropods. This contribution convincingly demonstrates that the gastropods diminished the growth rates of the crinoids. The negative impact of the parasites leads to an increased length of the hindgut that allowed the crinoids to absorb more nutrients.

Again Tom Baumiller now with Angela Stevenson reconstructs crinoid predation intensity by looking at two comatulids. They show that one of the species has a slightly higher predation intensity that is probably due to a response to tactile stimulation that leads to crawling deeper into their perch.

A neoichnological approach is taken by Krystov Brom, Kazuma Oguri, Tatsuo Oji, Mariusz Salomon and Przemyslaw Salomon who show crawling traces produced by the extant stalked crinoid Metacrinus rotundus. These crinoids produce characteristic traces that have a good preservation potential. They conclude that autotomization and relocation were already present in the Triassic stem-group isocrinids.

A very unusual crinoid stem is described as a new species Trombocrinus hanshessi by Steve Donovan, Johnny Waters and Mark Pankowski. The specimen comes from the Devonian of Morocco and displays some peculiar features. The mesistele grew in a convolute manner and the proxistele was adapted to elevate the crown. The overall morphology looks like a trombone, unique among Palaeozoic crinoids.

Hans Hagdorn, Fabrizio Berra and Andrea Tintori report on a Middle Triassic obrution Lagerstätte from the Italian Alps. The juvenile and semiadult crinoids are referred to Encrinus aculeatus. Comparison with the holotype and material from Poland leads to the conclusion that the species concept of the genus is critical.

Didier Merle and Michel Roux dedicate a new species, Eocenocrinus hessi to Hans. The specimen comes from the Early Eocene of the French Pyrenées and is associated with Conocrinus romanensis and Democrinus londinensis. E. hessi is probably the oldest representative of the family Phrynocrinidae and lived on hard substrate in water depths up to 300 m.

Charles “Chuck” Messing takes a closer look at the extant crinoid Actinometra blakei. With the support of three new specimens, recently collected in the Western Atlantic, he is able to demonstrate that A. blakei is in fact a junior synonym of Comatula. However, it does not conform with Comatula and is thus assigned to a new genus, Hanshessaster.

Andrew Tenny and Steve Donovan report on a Carboniferous crinoid Amphoracrinus with only four arms. As there seem to be no signs of infestations, a genetic flaw is suspected. The crinoid adjusted by arranging its other arms at a right angle for efficient feeding.

James Thomka, Carlton Brett, Troy Bole and Hunter Campbell bring us an accumulation of disparid crinoids from the Upper Ordovician to notice. They discuss the implications for the palaeoecology and taphonomy of crinoid “logjam” assemblages from the type Cincinnatian of Ohio (USA) and show that unusual specimens can be still discovered even in well-studied assemblages.

Gary Webster looks at the fossil record of the Cromyocrinidae and Pirasocrinidae that replaced most of the camerate crinoids in the Late Palaeozoic. These dendrocrinid taxa became extinct in the Late Permian but occur worldwide and show a greater diversity than previously assumed because disarticulated ossicles are difficult to assign.

Andy Gale presents an in-depth study of fossil Pterasteridae. Tremasterids from the Middle and Late Jurassic of Switzerland are intermediate forms that are linked to the Korethasteridae that are related to the modern highly derived brooding “slime stars“. Hansaster trimbachensis and Propteraster amourensis, two new fossil taxa are described as basal Pterasteridae, thus tracing their origin back to the Middle Jurassic.

Well-preserved brittle stars from the early Late Cretaceous are described as a new species of the genus Stegophiura. With a comparative taxonomic analysis Yoshiaki Ishida, Ben Thuy, Masaru Kadokawa, Naoki Ikegami and Lea Numberger-Thuy can show that this new species is the oldest and only fossil occurrence of this genus.

Peter Müller, Gerhard Hahn, Christian Franke and Ben Thuy present a study on Devonian brittle stars from Luxemburg and Germany. The two new species are described on the basis of articulated remains and belong to the Palaezoic stem-group family Protasteridae. Within the latter family the genus shows a combination of characters that are interpreted as being paedomorphic suggesting that this played an important role in the evolution of extant and extinct clades as well.

Ben Thuy, Lea Numberger-Thuy, and John Jagt report on an assemblage of ophiuroid ossicles from the Late Maastrichtian of South Carolina. Out of seven species, five are new and they provide an important expansion of the palaeobiogeography of these brittle stars. Furthermore, one of the new species represents the oldest fossil occurrence of the family Amphiuridae.

Steve Donovan and John Jagt deal with a paleoecological conundrum. A holasteroid echinoid was encrusted by a large oyster that comes from the Maastrichtian Nekum Member of the Netherlands. By analysing the encrusting small and large oysters assigned to Pycnodonte vesiculare they infer a deteriorating quality of the incoming water with time.

Steve Donovan provides us with a new atlas of SEM photographs of echinoid spines from 14 of the most common tropical Western Atlantic species. Commonly, external morphology of cidaroid spines is used to assign them to different fossil taxa, but when it comes to determining them in thin section, this is of no help. Combined with a description of the internal stereom, this study aims to become a tool for different palaeontological studies in thin sections.

Atef Elattaar presents a new species of the genus Hypselaster, a schizasterid echinoid. H. strougoi comes from the Lutetian Medawar Formation of the Eastern Desert in Egypt. Apart from the Miocene occurrence of the genus in Morocco, no other records exist from Panafrica.

A complete echinoid corona from the Early to Middle Miocene of Sarawak is described as a new species, Clypeaster sarawakensis nov. sp. by Morana Mihaljević. Discovering a new Clypeaster taxon demonstrates that this area seems to be a hotspot for palaeobiodiversity since the Oligocene. The compilation of the Central Indo-Pacific echinoid ``fossil record shows a rapid diversity increase at the Oligocene–Miocene boundary.

Christian Klug, Alexander Pohle, Steffen Kiel and Björn Kröger take a new look at the taphonomy of Swedish Ordovician cystoids. They found 13 size-sorted thecae trapped in an orthoconic cephalopod. The paper sets out to discuss the rare occurrence and its taphonomic implications.

My special thanks go to Ben Thuy, Christian Klug and Daniel Marty and Steve Donovan who made it possible to produce this special volume by co-editing the scientific contributions and to all of the reviewers who have contributed to assure the high quality of the published articles.

…and finally a big farewell to Hans, you were an outstanding palaeontologist and a fine man.

Hess, H., & Messing, C. G. (2011). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Pt. T, Echinodermata 2: Crinoidea, subclass Articulata (vol. 3, revised). Kansas: Kansas University Paleontological Institute.
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Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. (2011). Special issue: echinoderms—from the early past to the near future. A tribute to Hans Hess on his 80th birthday. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology, 130(1), 185.
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Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 32, 4065, Basel, Switzerland
- Christian A. Meyer

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Meyer, C.A. Special Issue: Hans Hess—A lifelong passion for fossil echinoderms. Swiss J Palaeontol 137, 123–125 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13358-018-0177-6

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Received: 04 September 2018
Accepted: 03 November 2018
Published: 19 November 2018
Issue Date: December 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13358-018-0177-6

中文翻译：

特刊：汉斯·赫斯（Hans Hess）-对化石棘皮动物的终生热情

本期特刊致力于一个非常特殊的人格，一个对古生物学有终生热情的人。享誉全球的棘皮动物专家汉斯·赫斯（Hans Hess）不再在我们中间。这确实是一个不幸的消息。汉斯在与白血病斗争之后，于去年和平过世。他是一个务实的人。他甚至在一封致大多数同伴的电子邮件中宣布了他的致命诊断。但是，他并没有完全被这个信息打动；相反，他告诉我，现在他将不再启动新项目，而是需要完成“准备中”的几份手稿。

我本人非常感谢汉斯，因为当我还是一名年轻的古生物学家，研究小行星，脆性恒星和海藻的时候，他是我的导师之一；后来，当我是自然历史博物馆的馆长时，他是一个同化棘皮动物讨论的同行。在巴塞尔。

汉斯一生从未停止过发表出色的研究，现在却停止这样做，这确实是一种损失。这就是为什么我们决定在《瑞士古生物学》杂志上编辑一本特殊的棘皮动物问题的原因之一，以纪念他的科学工作和一生。

值得注意的是，这是第二本专门针对汉斯的专刊，第一本是纪念汉斯诞辰80周年的，同时也是《瑞士古生物学杂志》（2011）的第一卷。

通过写信给汉斯的许多“棘皮动物朋友”和汉斯同事而产生了这个特殊问题，他们毫不犹豫地为汉斯做出了出色的贡献。从汉斯最喜欢的Crinoidea类开始，我们根据不同的棘皮动物类安排了体积。汉斯将他一生的最后几年完全投入到这个小组中，最终由查尔斯·查克·梅辛（Charles“ Chuck” Messing）合着的经修订的《无脊椎动物古论》（T部分第3卷Crinoidea）出版（Hess and Messing 2011）。

特刊以Walter Etter对汉斯的生活和对棘皮动物的热情的贡献开始。作为巴塞尔自然历史博物馆无脊椎动物古生物学的策展人，沃尔特·埃特（Walter Etter）与长期志愿服务的汉斯·赫斯（Hans Hess）保持着密切联系。

在第一篇文章中，汉斯·赫斯（Hans Hess）和本·图伊（Ben Thuy）联手仔细研究了一个鲜为人知的大麻素类cyrtocrinids的起源和进化。他们提供了系统发育学，古生物地理学和古生态学证据，这些证据表明这些海百合的深海起源是在侏罗纪早期入侵浅海的。同时，这是已故汉斯·赫斯（Hans Hess）的最后贡献。

Bill Ausich正在使用基于简约的系统发育研究评估Disparida。Disparida展示形式既简单又高度专业的形态。某些家庭可以一贯被认为是进化枝，而另一些仍然模棱两可。

汤姆·鲍米尔（Tom Baumiller）和森林·加恩（Forest Gahn）提出了一项关于寄生虫的老病例的新研究，该寄生虫是海百合与腹足类腹足纲动物的联系。这一贡献令人信服地证明了腹足类动物降低了海百合的生长速度。寄生虫的负面影响导致后肠的长度增加，从而使海百合可以吸收更多的营养。

汤姆·鲍米尔（Tom Baumiller）现在与安吉拉·史蒂文森（Angela Stevenson）一起，通过观察两个昏迷来重建海百合的捕食强度。他们表明，其中一个物种的捕食强度略高，这可能是由于对触觉刺激的反应，导致其更深地爬行到其栖息处。

Krystov Brom，Kazuma Oguri，Tatsuo Oji，Mariusz Salomon和Przemyslaw Salomon采取了一种新技术方法，显示出现存的茎状海百合圆形cri生的蠕动痕迹。这些海百合产生的特征痕迹具有良好的保存潜力。他们得出的结论是，三叠纪干群异旋虫已经存在自动切除和重定位。

史蒂夫·多诺万（Steve Donovan），约翰尼·沃特斯（Johnny Waters）和马克·潘科夫斯基（Mark Pankowski ）将一种非常不寻常的滨海类茎杆描述为新种Trombocrinus hanshessi。标本来自摩洛哥泥盆纪，并表现出一些独特的特征。mesistele以回旋的方式生长，proxistele适合于提升冠。整体形态看起来像长号，在古生代海百合中是独特的。

汉斯·哈格多恩（Hans Hagdorn），法布里齐奥·贝拉（Fabrizio Berra）和安德里亚·廷托（Andrea Tintori）报告了来自意大利阿尔卑斯山的中三叠纪产妇Lagerstätte。幼年和半成年的类固醇被称为尖头cri。与波兰的原型和材料进行比较后得出结论，该属的物种概念至关重要。

迪迪埃·梅尔（Didier Merle）和米歇尔·鲁（Michel Roux）为汉斯奉献了一个新种，即Eocenocrinus hessi。标本来自法国比利牛斯山脉的始新世，与罗马球藻和Demo Demo蛇有关联。E. hessi可能是Phrynocrinidae科的最古老的代表，生活在水深达300 m的硬质基质上。

查尔斯·“查克”·梅辛（Charles“ Chuck” Messing）仔细研究了现存的海百合类Actinometra blakei。在最近在西大西洋收集的三个新标本的支持下，他能够证明A. blakei实际上是Comatula的初级同义词。但是，它不符合Comatula，因此被分配给一个新属Hanshessaster。

安德鲁·丹尼（ Andrew Tenny）和史蒂夫·多诺万（Steve Donovan）报告了仅四臂的石炭纪海百合类安非他命。由于似乎没有感染的迹象，因此怀疑有遗传缺陷。通过将其他手臂成直角进行调整，可以有效地进给。

詹姆斯·汤姆卡（James Thomka），卡尔顿·布雷特（Carlton Brett），特洛伊·伯乐（Troy Bole）和亨特·坎贝尔（Hunter Campbell）为我们带来了来自上奥陶纪的各种相距的海百合。他们讨论了来自俄亥俄州辛辛那提（美国）类型的海百合类“ logjam”组合的古生态学和拓扑学意义，并表明即使在经过精心研究的组合中仍可以发现不寻常的标本。

加里·韦伯斯特（Gary Webster）着眼于古生代的Cromyocrinidae和Pirasocrinidae的化石记录，这些记录物替代了大多数照相类海百合。这些树枝状藻类群在二叠纪晚期已灭绝，但在世界范围内出现，并且比以前设想的要大，这是因为难以分离的小骨小骨。

安迪·盖尔（Andy Gale）对翼龙科化石进行了深入研究。来自瑞士侏罗纪中晚期的千层纪巨蜥属是中间形式，与现代的高度衍生的沉泥“泥质星”有关。Hansaster trimbachensis和Propteraster amourensis这两个新的化石类群被描述为基底翼龙科，因此其起源可追溯到中侏罗世。

从晚白垩世早期保存完好的蛇尾被描述为属的一个新种Stegophiura。通过比较分类学分析，石田佳明，本·图伊，角川雅鲁，池上直树和里阿·Numberger-Thuy可以表明，该新物种是该属中最古老和唯一的化石。

彼得·穆勒（PeterMüller），格哈德·哈恩（Gerhard Hahn），克里斯蒂安·弗兰克（Christian Franke）和本·图伊（Ben Thuy）对来自卢森堡和德国的泥盆纪脆性恒星进行了研究。这两个新物种是根据关节遗骸进行描述的，属于古生茎科Protasteridae。在后一个家族中，该属显示出多种字符的组合，这些字符被解释为古样的，表明这在现存和灭绝进化枝的进化中也起着重要作用。

Ben Thuy，Lea Numberger-Thuy和John Jagt报告了来自南卡罗来纳州晚期马斯特里赫特时期的蛇类小骨的集合。在七个物种中，五个是新的，它们为这些脆性恒星的古生物地理学提供了重要的扩展。此外，其中一个新物种代表了两栖科中最古老的化石。

史蒂夫·多诺万（Steve Donovan）和约翰·杰格特（John Jagt）处理了一个古生态难题。来自荷兰的马斯特里赫特·尼库姆（Maastrichtian Nekum）成员的一只大牡蛎包裹着类固醇类类胡萝卜素。通过分析分配给水生拟南芥（Pycnodonte vesiculare）的大大小小的牡蛎，他们推断出随着时间推移水质的恶化。

史蒂夫·多诺万（Steve Donovan）为我们提供了来自14种最常见的热带西大西洋物种的类棘突棘的SEM照片的新地图集。通常，将洋杉棘的外部形态用于将它们分配给不同的化石分类单元，但是要在薄片上确定它们，这没有帮助。结合内部构造的描述，本研究旨在成为薄切片中不同古生物学研究的工具。

阿提夫Elattaar呈现属的一个新种Hypselaster，一个schizasterid echinoid。H. strougoi来自埃及东部沙漠的Lutetian Medawar组。除摩洛哥中新世属外，Panaricrica没有其他记录。

从砂拉越中新世早期到中新世的完整类棘突日冕被描述为一种新物种，即Clypeaster sarawakensis nov。sp。由MoranaMihaljević撰写。发现一个新的lyyaster分类单元表明，自渐新世以来，该地区似乎是古生物多样性的热点。印支-中海类埃奇诺中部化石的化石记录表明，在渐新世-中新世边界，生物多样性迅速增加。

克里斯蒂安·克鲁格（Christian Klug），亚历山大·波勒（Alexander Pohle），斯特芬·基尔（Steffen Kiel）和比约恩·克鲁格（BjörnKröger）对瑞典奥陶纪类囊体的分类学有了新的认识。他们发现了13个大小分类的盲肠被困在正圆锥形的头足类动物中。本文着手讨论这种罕见的情况及其对语言的启示。

特别感谢Ben Thuy，Christian Klug，Daniel Marty和Steve Donovan，他们通过共同编辑科学著作来制作此特别著作，并感谢所有为确保发表论文的高质量做出贡献的审稿人。

…最后告别汉斯，您是一位杰出的古生物学家和风度翩翩的人。

Hess，H.和Messing，CG（2011）。无脊椎动物古生物学专着，Pt。T，棘皮动物2：Crinoidea，Articulata亚类（第3卷，修订版）。堪萨斯州：堪萨斯大学古生物学研究所。
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瑞士古生物学杂志。（2011）。特刊：棘皮动物-从早期到不久的将来。在他80岁生日时向汉斯·赫斯致敬。瑞士古生物学杂志， 130（1），185。
- 谷歌学术

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