Conventional agriculture is based on a high level of chemical inputs such as pesticides and fertilisers, leading to serious environmental impacts, health risks and loss of biodiversity in agrosystems. The reduction of pesticide use is a priority for intensively sprayed agricultural systems such as orchards. The preservation and promotion of biodiversity within orchards and their boundaries is therefore an issue to explore. Indeed, orchard systems contain high plant diversity and perennial multi-strata designs that provide wealthy resources and habitats to living communities such as beneficial organisms. Orchards thus offer favourable areas to maintain food-webs within the agrosystem, provided that favourable situations are not altered by cultural practices such as applying an excess of pesticides. Here, we analysed literature on the effects of the manipulation of plant diversity and habitats on the control of pests by arthropod and bird communities in apple, pear and peach orchards. Many investigations focus on the role of plant management to enhance biodiversity in orchards but only 22 research reports presenting 30 case studies were dedicated to the study of the ecosystem service provided by plant diversity for orchard pest control. The underlying mechanisms were seldom demonstrated, and the tested grass covers and tree assemblages aimed at favouring either the beneficial complex or only some beneficial species to control one or a few pests. The effect of plant management on pest control was mostly positive (16 cases) or null (9), but also negative in some cases (5). This finding reveals the difficulties of identifying selected plants or plant assemblages for the control of key pests. We conclude that further research is needed to identify the processes involved on different scales for biological control. Orchard systems should be re-designed to optimise ecosystem services provided by biodiversity.

中文翻译：

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果园系统中的生物多样性和有害生物管理。回顾

常规农业以农药和肥料等化学物质的大量投入为基础，导致严重的环境影响，健康风险和农业系统中生物多样性的丧失。减少农药的使用是密集喷洒农业系统（如果园）的优先事项。因此，在果园及其边界内保护和促进生物多样性是一个值得探索的问题。的确，果园系统具有高度的植物多样性和多年生的多层次设计，可为诸如有益生物之类的生物群落提供丰富的资源和栖息地。因此，果园提供了有利的区域来维持农业系统内的食物网，条件是只要文化习俗（例如使用过量的农药）不会改变有利的情况。这里，我们分析了苹果，梨和桃园中节肢动物和鸟类群落对操纵植物多样性和生境对害虫控制的影响的文献。许多调查着重于植物管理在提高果园生物多样性方面的作用，但只有22篇研究报告（涉及30个案例研究）致力于研究植物多样性为果园病虫害防治提供的生态系统服务。很少说明其潜在机制，而经过测试的草皮和树木组合旨在有利于有益复合物或仅有益于某些有益物种以控制一种或几种害虫。植物管理对虫害控制的影响大部分为阳性（16例）或无效（9），但在某些情况下也为阴性（5）。这一发现揭示了确定用于控制关键害虫的选定植物或植物组合的困难。我们得出结论，需要进一步的研究来确定不同规模的生物控制过程。应重新设计果园系统，以优化生物多样性提供的生态系统服务。