The gut is a first point of contact with ingested xenobiotics, where chemicals are metabolized directly by the host or microbiota. Atrazine is a widely used pesticide, but the role of the microbiome metabolism of this xenobiotic and the impact on host responses is unclear. We exposed successive generations of the wasp Nasonia vitripennis to subtoxic levels of atrazine and observed changes in the structure and function of the gut microbiome that conveyed atrazine resistance. This microbiome-mediated resistance was maternally inherited and increased over successive generations, while also heightening the rate of host genome selection. The rare gut bacteria Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas protegens contributed to atrazine metabolism. Both of these bacteria contain genes that are linked to atrazine degradation and were sufficient to confer resistance in experimental wasp populations. Thus, pesticide exposure causes functional, inherited changes in the microbiome that should be considered when assessing xenobiotic exposure and as potential countermeasures to toxicity.

中文翻译：

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亚微生物农药暴露后微生物组的变化赋予多代宿主抗性。

肠道是与摄入异种生物接触的第一点，在异种生物中，化学物质直接由宿主或微生物群代谢。阿特拉津是一种广泛使用的农药，但尚不清楚该异生微生物的微生物组代谢作用以及对宿主反应的影响。我们将连续几代的黄蜂Nasonia vitripennis暴露于亚toxic嗪的亚毒性水平，并观察了传达阿特拉津抗性的肠道微生物组的结构和功能的变化。这种微生物组介导的抗性是母系遗传的，并在连续的世代中增加，同时也提高了宿主基因组选择的速率。稀有的肠道细菌粘质沙雷氏菌和蛋白质假单胞菌有助于阿特拉津的代谢。这两种细菌均包含与阿特拉津降解相关的基因，足以赋予实验性黄蜂种群以抗性。因此，农药暴露会导致微生物组功能性遗传性变化，在评估异源生物暴露时应考虑这些变化，并将其作为毒性的潜在对策。