Colletes Latreille (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) is a diverse genus with 518 valid species distributed in all biogeographic realms, except Australasia and Antarctica. Here we provide a comprehensive dated phylogeny for Colletes based on Bayesian and maximum likelihood-based analyses of DNA sequence data of six loci: 28S rDNA, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, elongation factor-1α copy F2, long-wavelength rhodopsin, RNA polymerase II and wingless. In total, our multilocus matrix consists of 4824 aligned base pairs for 143 species, including 112 Colletes species plus 31 outgroups (one stenotritid and a diverse array of colletids representing all subfamilies). Overall, analyses of each of the six single-locus datasets resulted in poorly resolved consensus trees with conflicting phylogenetic signal. However, our analyses of the multilocus matrix provided strong support for the monophyly of Colletes and show that it can be subdivided into five major clades. The implications of our phylogenetic results for future attempts at infrageneric classification for the Colletes of the world are discussed. We propose species groups for the Neotropical species of Colletes, the only major biogeographic realm for which no species groups have been proposed to date. Our dating analysis indicated that Colletes diverged from its sister taxon, Hemicotelles Toro and Cabezas, in the early Oligocene and that its extant lineages began diversifying only in the late Oligocene. According to our biogeographic reconstruction, Colletes originated in the Neotropics (most likely within South America) and then spread to the Nearctic very early in its evolutionary history. Geodispersal to the Old World occurred soon after colonization of the Northern Hemisphere. Lastly, the historical biogeography of Colletes is analyzed in light of available geological and palaeoenvironmental data.

中文翻译：

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玻璃纸蜜蜂属Colletes Latreille（膜翅目：Colletidae）的进化历史：分子系统发育，生物地理学和对全球基础的分类的意义。

Colletes Latreille（膜翅目：Colletidae）是一个多样的属，有518个有效物种分布在除大洋洲和南极洲以外的所有生物地理领域。在这里，我们基于贝叶斯方法和基于最大似然分析的六个基因座的DNA序列数据，为Colletes提供了全面的系统发育史：28S rDNA，细胞色素C氧化酶亚基1，延伸因子-1α复制F2，长波视紫红质，RNA聚合酶II无翼 总体而言，我们的多基因座矩阵由143个物种的4824个对齐碱基对组成，其中包括112个Colletes物种以及31个外群（一个Stenotritidid和代表所有亚家族的Colletids的各种阵列）。总体而言，对六个单基因座数据集的每一个进行分析都会导致系统树信号相互冲突的解析质量差的共识树。然而，我们对多基因座矩阵的分析为Colletes的单系提供了有力的支持，并表明它可以细分为五个主要进化枝。讨论了我们的系统发育结果对未来对全世界Colletes进行属下分类的尝试的意义。我们为Colletes的新热带物种提出物种组，这是迄今为止尚未提出任何物种组的唯一主要生物地理领域。我们的约会分析表明，Colletes在渐新世早期从其姊妹类群Hemicotelles Toro和Cabezas偏离，而其现存世系仅在渐新世晚期才开始多样化。根据我们的生物地理重建，Colletes起源于新热带（最有可能在南美境内），然后在其演化历史的早期扩散到Nearctic。北半球定居后不久就发生了旧大陆的地理扩散。最后，根据现有的地质和古环境数据对Colletes的历史生物地理学进行了分析。