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Primary motor cortex and phonological recoding: A TMS-EMG study.
Neuropsychologia ( IF 2.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-02-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107368
Leonor J Romero Lauro 1 , Alessandra Vergallito 1 , Stefano Anzani 2 , Giuseppe Vallar 3
Affiliation  

Since the 1960s, evidence from healthy participants and brain-damaged patients, neuroimaging and non-invasive brain stimulation studies has specified the neurofunctional architecture of the short-term memory (STM) system, supporting the temporary retention of a limited amount of verbal material. Auditory-verbal, later termed Phonological (Ph) STM or Phonological Loop, comprises two sub-components: i) the main storage system, the Phonological Short-Term Store (PhSTS), to which auditory verbal stimuli have direct access and where phonologically coded information is retained for a few seconds; ii) a Rehearsal Process (REH), which actively maintains the trace held in the PhSTS, preventing its decay and conveys visual verbal material to the PhSTS, after the process of Phonological Recoding (PhREC, or Grapheme-to-Phoneme Conversion) has taken place. PhREC converts visuo-verbal graphemic representations into phonological ones. The neural correlates of PhSTM include two discrete regions in the left hemisphere: the temporo-parietal junction (PhSTS) and the inferior frontal gyrus in the premotor cortex (REH). The neural basis of PhREC has been much less investigated. A few single case studies of patients made anarthric by focal or degenerative cortical damage, who show a pattern of impairment indicative of a deficit of PhREC, sparing the REH process, suggest that the primary motor cortex (M1) might be involved. To test this hypothesis in healthy participants with a neurophysiological approach, we measured the corticospinal excitability of M1, by means of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)-induced Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs), during the execution of phonological judgements on auditorily vs. visually presented words (Experiment #1). Crucially, these phonological tasks involve REH, while PhREC is required only with visual presentation. Results show MEPs with larger amplitude when stimuli are presented visually. Task difficulty does not account for this difference and the result is specific for linguistic stimuli, indeed visual and auditory stimuli that cannot be verbalized lead to different behavioral and neurophysiological patterns (Experiment #2). The increase of corticospinal excitability when words are presented visually can be then interpreted as an indication of the involvement of M1 in PhREC. The present findings elucidate the neural correlates of PhREC, suggesting an involvement of the peripheral motor system in its activity.

中文翻译:

初级运动皮层和语音记录:一项TMS-EMG研究。

自1960年代以来,来自健康参与者和脑损伤患者的证据,神经影像学和非侵入性脑刺激研究已经确定了短期记忆(STM)系统的神经功能架构,支持暂时保留有限数量的言语材料。听觉语言,后来称为语音(Ph)STM或语音环,包括两个子组件:i)主存储系统,即语音短期存储(PhSTS),听觉言语刺激可以直接访问,并且在语音上进行了编码信息会保留几秒钟;ii)排练过程(REH),在进行了语音重新编码(PhREC或音素到音素转换)过程后,它可以主动保持PhSTS中保留的轨迹,防止其腐烂并将视觉语言材料传递给PhSTS。地点。PhREC将视听语言的字素转换成语音。PhSTM的神经相关性包括左半球中的两个离散区域:颞顶顶交界处(PhSTS)和运动前皮层(REH)中的下额回。PhREC的神经基础已经很少研究。少数对局灶性或变性性皮质损伤造成关节炎的患者进行了单例研究,这些患者表现出一种指示PhREC缺失的损伤模式,并保留了REH进程,提示可能牵涉了原发性运动皮层(M1)。为了通过神经生理学方法在健康参与者中检验这一假设,我们通过经颅磁刺激(TMS)诱导的运动诱发电位(MEP)测量了M1的皮质脊髓兴奋性,在对听觉与视觉呈现的单词进行语音判断时(实验1)。至关重要的是,这些语音任务涉及REH,而PhREC仅在视觉呈现时才需要。结果显示,当以视觉方式呈现刺激时,MEP的振幅更大。任务难度不能解释这种差异,结果是特定于语言刺激的,实际上是无法言语表达的视觉和听觉刺激,会导致不同的行为和神经生理学模式(实验2)。当视觉呈现单词时,皮质脊髓兴奋性的增加可被解释为PhREC中M1参与的指示。目前的发现阐明了PhREC的神经相关性,表明外周运动系统参与了其活动。视觉呈现的单词(实验1)。至关重要的是,这些语音任务涉及REH,而PhREC仅在视觉呈现时才需要。结果显示,当以视觉方式呈现刺激时,MEP的振幅更大。任务难度不能解释这种差异,结果是特定于语言刺激的,实际上是无法言语表达的视觉和听觉刺激,会导致不同的行为和神经生理学模式(实验2)。视觉上呈现单词时,皮质脊髓兴奋性的增加可以解释为M1参与PhREC的指示。目前的发现阐明了PhREC的神经相关性,表明外周运动系统参与了其活动。视觉呈现的单词(实验1)。至关重要的是,这些语音任务涉及REH,而PhREC仅在视觉呈现时才需要。结果显示,当以视觉方式呈现刺激时,MEP的振幅更大。任务难度不能解释这种差异,结果是特定于语言刺激的,实际上是无法言语表达的视觉和听觉刺激,会导致不同的行为和神经生理学模式(实验2)。当视觉呈现单词时,皮质脊髓兴奋性的增加可被解释为PhREC中M1参与的指示。目前的发现阐明了PhREC的神经相关性,表明外周运动系统参与了其活动。而PhREC仅在视觉呈现时才需要。结果显示,当以视觉方式呈现刺激时,MEP的振幅更大。任务难度不能解释这种差异,结果是特定于语言刺激的,实际上是无法言语表达的视觉和听觉刺激,会导致不同的行为和神经生理学模式(实验2)。当视觉呈现单词时,皮质脊髓兴奋性的增加可被解释为PhREC中M1参与的指示。目前的发现阐明了PhREC的神经相关性,表明外周运动系统参与了其活动。而PhREC仅在视觉呈现时才需要。结果显示,当以视觉方式呈现刺激时,MEP的振幅更大。任务难度不能解释这种差异,结果是特定于语言刺激的,实际上是无法言语表达的视觉和听觉刺激,会导致不同的行为和神经生理学模式(实验2)。当视觉呈现单词时,皮质脊髓兴奋性的增加可被解释为PhREC中M1参与的指示。目前的发现阐明了PhREC的神经相关性,表明外周运动系统参与了其活动。确实,无法言语化的视觉和听觉刺激会导致不同的行为和神经生理模式(实验2)。当视觉呈现单词时,皮质脊髓兴奋性的增加可被解释为PhREC中M1参与的指示。目前的发现阐明了PhREC的神经相关性,表明外周运动系统参与了其活动。确实,无法言语化的视觉和听觉刺激会导致不同的行为和神经生理模式(实验2)。当视觉呈现单词时,皮质脊髓兴奋性的增加可被解释为PhREC中M1参与的指示。目前的发现阐明了PhREC的神经相关性,表明外周运动系统参与了其活动。
更新日期:2020-02-03
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