Abstract Cosmic rays are energetic particles composed primarily of protons and helium nuclei but including, with varying abundances, all atomic nuclei species, electrons and even antiparticles. They originate from sources that, save for the highest energies, are located in the Galaxy. After more than one century from their discovery and except for a clear contribution, particularly important at energies lower than a few GeV, from our Sun the origin of cosmic rays is still an open question. Supernovae explosion, pulsars, relativistic jets, active galactic nuclei, have been proposed as sources of cosmic rays although unambiguous evidences have still to be found. The study of the cosmic radiation have been approached, indirectly, with instrumentation located on ground and, directly, with apparatus placed on stratospheric balloons and satellites. The last decades have seen a flourishing of new techniques applied to space science with satellite-borne experiments taking center stage in the unveiling of the properties of the cosmic radiation.

中文翻译：

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太空中的宇宙射线探测

摘要 宇宙射线是主要由质子和氦原子核组成的高能粒子，但也包括不同丰度的所有原子核种类、电子甚至反粒子。它们的来源除了最高能量外，都位于银河系中。经过一个多世纪的发现，除了对低于几个 GeV 的能量特别重要的明确贡献之外，来自我们太阳的宇宙射线的起源仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。超新星爆炸、脉冲星、相对论性喷流、活动星系核，已被提议作为宇宙射线的来源，尽管仍有待找到明确的证据。对宇宙辐射的研究已经间接进行，仪器位于地面，直接仪器放置在平流层气球和卫星上。