Previous epidemiologic research has shown that phthalate exposure in pregnant women is related to birth outcomes in a sex-specific manner. These outcomes may be mediated by placental inflammation, which is the proposed biological mechanism. This is the first study to address the relationship between phthalate exposure and gene expression in placental inflammation in a sex-specific manner. We performed quantitative PCR to measure placental inflammatory mRNAs (CRP, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, MCP-1, IL-8, CD68, and CD206) in 2469 placentae that were sampled at birth. We estimated the associations between mRNA and urinary phthalate monoesters using multiple linear regression models. Mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) was correlated with higher IL-1β, IL-6, and CRP expression in placentae of male fetuses and with higher IL-6, CRP, MCP-1, IL-8, IL-10, and CD68 expression in placentae of female fetuses. Mono benzyl phthalate (MBzP) increased the expression of TNF-α, MCP-1, and CD68 only in placentae of male fetuses. Mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) was negatively correlated with CRP, MCP-1, and CD68 in placentae of female fetuses. Maternal phthalate exposure was associated with inflammatory variations in placental tissues. The associations were stronger in placentae of male than of female fetuses. Compared with the other metabolites, MBP plays a strong role in these associations. The placenta is worth being further investigated as a potential mediator of maternal exposure-induced disease risk in children.

中文翻译：

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母体邻苯二甲酸酯暴露的胎盘炎性转录生物标志物的性别特异性差异：一项前瞻性队列研究。

先前的流行病学研究表明，孕妇中邻苯二甲酸盐的暴露以特定的性别方式与出生结局有关。这些结果可能是由胎盘发炎介导的，这是拟议的生物学机制。这是第一项以性别特异性方式解决邻苯二甲酸酯暴露与胎盘炎症基因表达之间关系的研究。我们进行了定量PCR，以测量出生时采样的2469个胎盘中的胎盘炎性mRNA（CRP，TNF-α，IL-1β，IL-6，IL-10，MCP-1，IL-8，CD68和CD206）。我们使用多个线性回归模型估计了mRNA和尿邻苯二甲酸酯单酯之间的关联。邻苯二甲酸单正丁酯（MBP）与雄性胎儿胎盘中IL-1β，IL-6和CRP的表达较高以及IL-6，CRP，MCP-1，IL-8，IL-10的表达较高相关，和CD68在女性胎儿胎盘中的表达。邻苯二甲酸单苄基酯（MBzP）仅在雄性胎儿胎盘中增加TNF-α，MCP-1和CD68的表达。单（2-乙基-5-氧己基）邻苯二甲酸酯（MEOHP）与女性胎儿胎盘中的CRP，MCP-1和CD68呈负相关。孕妇邻苯二甲酸酯暴露与胎盘组织的炎症变化有关。男性胎盘的关联性强于女性胎儿。与其他代谢物相比，MBP在这些关联中起着重要作用。胎盘作为母亲暴露于儿童所致疾病风险的潜在介体值得进一步研究。单（2-乙基-5-氧己基）邻苯二甲酸酯（MEOHP）与女性胎儿胎盘中的CRP，MCP-1和CD68呈负相关。孕妇邻苯二甲酸酯暴露与胎盘组织的炎症变化有关。男性胎盘的关联性强于女性胎儿。与其他代谢物相比，MBP在这些关联中起着重要作用。胎盘作为母亲暴露于儿童所致疾病风险的潜在介体值得进一步研究。单（2-乙基-5-氧己基）邻苯二甲酸酯（MEOHP）与女性胎儿胎盘中的CRP，MCP-1和CD68呈负相关。孕妇邻苯二甲酸酯暴露与胎盘组织的炎症变化有关。男性胎盘的关联性强于女性胎儿。与其他代谢物相比，MBP在这些关联中起着重要作用。胎盘作为母亲暴露于儿童所致疾病风险的潜在介体值得进一步研究。MBP在这些关联中扮演着重要角色。胎盘作为母亲暴露于儿童所致疾病风险的潜在介体值得进一步研究。MBP在这些关联中扮演着重要角色。胎盘作为母亲暴露于儿童所致疾病风险的潜在介体值得进一步研究。