In the last two decades, there has been increasing research interest in disentangling the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to individual differences in attachment, and in identifying the genes involved in shaping attachment. Twin studies suggest that as attachment changes during the course of development, genetic factors may play a progressively more important role, while shared environmental effects might decrease. However, most of this literature is limited by low power, measurement issues, and cross-sectional design. The findings of molecular genetic studies are, overall, inconclusive. The literature on main genetic effects and gene-by-environment interactions on attachment is filled with inconsistent and unreplicated findings. Also, most studies are underpowered. Challenges for future research are to identify the unshared environmental mechanisms involved in shaping attachment, and to better elucidate the genes involved and their interaction with the environment. Some pioneer studies suggested that the incorporation of epigenetic processes into G × E interaction models might represent a promising future way for investigating the complex, dynamic interplay between genes, environment, and attachment.

中文翻译：

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附件中的基因和环境。

在过去的二十年中，越来越多的研究兴趣在于消除遗传和环境因素对个体依恋差异的影响，以及鉴定参与塑造依恋的基因。两项研究表明，随着依恋在发育过程中发生变化，遗传因素可能会发挥越来越重要的作用，而共同的环境影响可能会降低。然而，大多数文献受到低功耗，测量问题和截面设计的限制。总体而言，分子遗传学研究的结果尚无定论。关于主要遗传效应和依附的基因-环境相互作用的文献充满了不一致且无重复的发现。而且，大多数研究的动力不足。未来研究的挑战是，确定参与形成依恋关系的非共享环境机制，并更好地阐明涉及的基因及其与环境的相互作用。一些先驱研究表明，将表观遗传过程整合到G×E相互作用模型中可能代表研究基因，环境和附着之间复杂，动态相互作用的有前途的未来方法。