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Probabilistic Forecasting of Battery Energy Storage State-of-Charge under Primary Frequency Control
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications ( IF 16.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 , DOI: 10.1109/jsac.2019.2952195
Aleksei Mashlakov , Lasse Lensu , Arto Kaarna , Ville Tikka , Samuli Honkapuro

Multi-service market optimization of battery energy storage system (BESS) requires assessing the forecasting uncertainty arising from coupled resources and processes. For the primary frequency control (PFC), which is one of the highest-value applications of BESS, this uncertainty is linked to the changes of BESS state-of-charge (SOC) under stochastic frequency variations. In order to quantify this uncertainty, this paper aims to exploit one of the recent achievements in the field of deep learning, i.e. multi-attention recurrent neural network (MARNN), for BESS SOC forecasting under PFC. Furthermore, we extend the MARNN model for probabilistic forecasting with a hybrid approach combining Mixture Density Networks and Monte Carlo dropout that incorporate the uncertainties of the data noise and the model parameters in the form of prediction interval (PI). The performance of the model is studied on BESS SOC datasets that are simulated based on real frequency measurements from three European synchronous areas in Great Britain, Continental Europe, and Northern Europe and validated by three PI evaluation indexes. Compared with the state-of-the-art quantile regression algorithms, the proposed hybrid model performed well with respect to the coverage probability of PIs for the different regulatory environments of the PFC.

中文翻译:

一次频率控制下电池储能荷电状态的概率预测

电池储能系统 (BESS) 的多服务市场优化需要评估由耦合资源和过程引起的预测不确定性。对于作为 BESS 最高价值应用之一的初级频率控制 (PFC),这种不确定性与随机频率变化下 BESS 荷电状态 (SOC) 的变化有关。为了量化这种不确定性,本文旨在利用深度学习领域的最新成果之一,即多注意力循环神经网络(MARNN),用于 PFC 下的 BESS SOC 预测。此外,我们使用混合密度网络和 Monte Carlo dropout 相结合的混合方法扩展了用于概率预测的 MARNN 模型,该方法结合了数据噪声的不确定性和预测区间 (PI) 形式的模型参数。该模型的性能在 BESS SOC 数据集上进行研究,该数据集基于来自英国、欧洲大陆和北欧的三个欧洲同步区域的真实频率测量进行模拟,并通过三个 PI 评估指标进行验证。与最先进的分位数回归算法相比,所提出的混合模型在 PFC 不同监管环境的 PI 覆盖概率方面表现良好。该模型的性能在 BESS SOC 数据集上进行研究,该数据集基于来自英国、欧洲大陆和北欧的三个欧洲同步区域的真实频率测量进行模拟,并通过三个 PI 评估指标进行验证。与最先进的分位数回归算法相比,所提出的混合模型在 PFC 不同监管环境的 PI 覆盖概率方面表现良好。该模型的性能在 BESS SOC 数据集上进行研究,该数据集基于来自英国、欧洲大陆和北欧的三个欧洲同步区域的真实频率测量进行模拟,并通过三个 PI 评估指标进行验证。与最先进的分位数回归算法相比,所提出的混合模型在 PFC 不同监管环境的 PI 覆盖概率方面表现良好。
更新日期:2020-01-01
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