The digestive tract, particularly the intestine, represents one of the main sites of interactions with the environment, playing the gut mucosa a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, and in the immune defence. Previous researches have proven that the fishmeal replacement by plant sources could have an impact on the intestinal status at both digestive and immune level, compromising relevant productive parameters, such as feed efficiency, growth or survival. In order to evaluate the long-term impact of total fishmeal replacement on intestinal mucosa, the gut mucosa proteome was analysed in fish fed with a fishmeal-based diet, against plant protein-based diets with or without alternative marine sources inclusion. Total fishmeal replacement without marine ingredients inclusion, reported a negative impact in growth and biometric parameters, further an altered gut mucosa proteome. However, the inclusion of a low percentage of marine ingredients in plant protein-based diets was able to maintain the growth, biometrics parameters and gut mucosa proteome with similar values to FM group. A total fishmeal replacement induced a big set of underrepresented proteins in relation to several biological processes such as intracellular transport, assembly of cellular macrocomplex, protein localization and protein catabolism, as well as several molecular functions, mainly related with binding to different molecules and the maintenance of the cytoskeleton structure. The set of downregulated proteins also included molecules which have a crucial role in the maintenance of the normal function of the enterocytes, and therefore, of the epithelium, including permeability, immune and inflammatory response regulation and nutritional absorption. Possibly, the amino acid imbalance presented in VM diet, in a long-term feeding, may be the main reason of these alterations, which can be prevented by the inclusion of 15% of alternative marine sources. SIGNIFICANCE: Long-term feeding with plant protein based diets may be considered as a stress factor and lead to a negative impact on digestive and immune system mechanisms at the gut, that can become apparent in a reduced fish performance. The need for fishmeal replacement by alternative ingredients such as plant sources to ensure the sustainability of the aquaculture sector has led the research assessing the intestinal status of fish to be of increasing importance. This scientific work provides further knowledge about the proteins and biologic processes altered in the gut in response to plant protein based diets, suggesting the loss of part of gut mucosa functionality. Nevertheless, the inclusion of alternative marine ingredients was able to reverse these negative effects, showing as a feasible option to develop sustainable aquafeeds.

中文翻译：

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含或不含海洋成分的高饮食植物蛋白对金头鲷的肠粘膜蛋白质组的影响（Sparus aurata，L。）。

消化道，尤其是肠，是与环境相互作用的主要场所之一，在消化和吸收营养物质以及免疫防御中发挥着至关重要的作用。先前的研究已经证明，用植物来源替代鱼粉可能会影响消化和免疫水平的肠道状况，从而损害相关的生产参数，例如饲料效率，生长或存活。为了评估总鱼粉替代物对肠道粘膜的长期影响，在饲喂以鱼粉为基础的饮食的鱼类中，对肠道粘膜蛋白质组进行了分析，对比了是否添加了其他海洋资源的植物蛋白为基础的饮食。不包括海洋成分在内的全部鱼粉替代品，报道了对生长和生物特征参数的负面影响，进一步改变了肠粘膜蛋白质组。但是，在基于植物蛋白的饮食中包含少量海洋成分能够维持其生长，生物测定学参数和肠粘膜蛋白质组，其值与FM组相似。完全的鱼粉替代会诱导大量与代表性不足的蛋白质有关的几种生物过程，例如细胞内运输，细胞大复合体的组装，蛋白质定位和蛋白质分解代谢以及几种分子功能，主要涉及与不同分子的结合和维持的细胞骨架结构。一组下调的蛋白质还包括在维持肠上皮细胞正常功能中起关键作用的分子，因此，包括上皮的通透性，免疫和炎症反应调节以及营养吸收。长期饲喂VM饲料中存在的氨基酸失衡可能是造成这些变化的主要原因，可以通过添加15％的其他海洋资源来预防。重要性：长期饲喂基于植物蛋白的饮食可能被认为是一种压力因素，会对肠道的消化和免疫系统机制产生负面影响，这可能在鱼类生产能力下降时变得明显。为了确保水产养殖部门的可持续性，需要用替代性原料（例如植物来源）替代鱼粉，这使得评估鱼的肠道状况的研究变得越来越重要。这项科学工作提供了有关响应于植物蛋白饮食的肠道中蛋白质和生物学过程改变的进一步知识，这表明肠道粘膜功能的某些丧失。然而，包括替代性海洋成分能够逆转这些负面影响，显示出开发可持续水产饲料的可行选择。