Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Low birth weight is associated with hypertension. Low birth weight can result from fetal growth restriction (FGR) or prematurity. FGR is postulated to impact blood pressure (BP) by developmental programming. This systematic review and meta-analysis studies BP in human and animal offspring following FGR. Pubmed and Web of Science were searched for studies reporting on BP after placental insufficiency induced FGR compared with normal growth controls. Primary outcome was mean absolute BP difference (ΔBP mm Hg [95% CI]). Meta-analysis was performed using random-effects models. Subgroup analyses were executed on species, sex, age, pregnancy duration, and stress during BP readings. Due to large interspecies heterogeneity, analyses were performed separately for human (n=41) and animal (n=31) studies, the latter restricted to rats (n=27). Human studies showed a ΔBP between FGR and controls of −0.6 mm Hg ([95% CI, −1.7 to 0.6]; I2=91%). Mean ΔBP was −2.6 mm Hg (95% CI, −5.7 to 0.4) in women versus −0.5 mm Hg (95% CI, −3.7 to 2.7) in men. Subgroup analyses did not indicate age, gestational age, and stress during measurements as sources of heterogeneity. In rats, mean BP was 12.0 mm Hg ([95% CI, 8.8–15.2]; I2=81%) higher in FGR offspring. This difference was more pronounced in FGR males (13.6 mm Hg [95% CI, 10.3–17.0] versus 9.1 mm Hg [95% CI, 5.3–12.8]). Subgroup analyses on age showed no statistical interaction. BP readings under restrained conditions resulted in larger BP differences between FGR and control rats (15.3 mm Hg [95% CI, 11.6–18.9] versus 5.7 mm Hg [95% CI, 1.1–10.3]). Rat studies confirm the relation between FGR and offspring BP, while observational studies in humans do not show such differences. This may be due to the observational nature of human studies, methodological limitations, or an absence of this phenomenon in humans. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: CRD42018091819.

中文翻译：

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胎儿生长受限对人和大鼠后代血压的矛盾影响

补充数字内容在文本中可用。低出生体重与高血压有关。低出生体重可能由胎儿生长受限 (FGR) 或早产引起。假定 FGR 通过发育程序影响血压 (BP)。这项系统评价和荟萃分析研究了 FGR 后人类和动物后代的血压。在 Pubmed 和 Web of Science 中搜索了与正常生长对照相比胎盘功能不全诱导 FGR 后 BP 的报告。主要结果是平均绝对血压差异（ΔBP mm Hg [95% CI]）。使用随机效应模型进行荟萃分析。在血压读数期间对物种、性别、年龄、妊娠持续时间和压力进行亚组分析。由于种间异质性较大，对人类（n=41）和动物（n=31）研究分别进行了分析，后者仅限于大鼠（n = 27）。人体研究显示 FGR 和对照之间的 ΔBP 为 -0.6 毫米汞柱（[95% CI，-1.7 至 0.6]；I2=91%）。女性的平均 ΔBP 为 -2.6 mm Hg（95% CI，-5.7 至 0.4），而男性为 -0.5 mm Hg（95% CI，-3.7 至 2.7）。亚组分析未表明年龄、胎龄和测量期间的压力是异质性的来源。在大鼠中，FGR 后代的平均血压高 12.0 mm Hg（[95% CI，8.8-15.2]；I2=81%）。这种差异在 FGR 男性中更为明显（13.6 毫米汞柱 [95% CI，10.3-17.0] 与 9.1 毫米汞柱 [95% CI，5.3-12.8]）。对年龄的亚组分析显示没有统计学上的相互作用。限制条件下的血压读数导致 FGR 和对照大鼠之间的血压差异更大（15.3 毫米汞柱 [95% CI，11.6-18.9] 对 5.7 毫米汞柱 [95% CI，1.1-10.3]）。大鼠研究证实了 FGR 与后代 BP 之间的关系，而对人类的观察性研究并未显示出这种差异。这可能是由于人类研究的观察性质、方法学限制或人类中没有这种现象。临床试验注册网址：http://www.clinicaltrials.gov。唯一标识符：CRD42018091819。