Global climate change is arguably one of the biggest threats of modern times and has already led to a wide range of impacts on the environment, economy, and society. Owing to past emissions and climate system inertia, global climate change is predicted to continue for decades even if anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions were to stop immediately. In many regions, such as central Europe and the Mediterranean region, the temperature is likely to rise by 2–5 °C and annual precipitation is predicted to decrease. Expected heat and drought periods followed by floods, and unpredictable growing seasons, are predicted to have detrimental effects on agricultural production systems, causing immense economic losses and food supply problems. To mitigate the risks of climate change, agricultural innovations counteracting these effects need to be embraced and accelerated. To achieve maximum improvement, the required agricultural innovations should not focus only on crops but rather pursue a holistic approach including the entire ecosystem. Over millions of years, plants have evolved in close association with other organisms, particularly soil microbes that have shaped their evolution and contemporary ecology. Many studies have already highlighted beneficial interactions among plants and the communities of microorganisms with which they coexist. Questions arising from these discoveries are whether it will be possible to decipher a common molecular pattern and the underlying biochemical framework of interspecies communication, and whether such knowledge can be used to improve agricultural performance under environmental stress conditions. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of plant interactions with fungal endosymbionts found in extreme ecosystems. Special attention will be paid to the interaction of plants with the symbiotic root-colonizing endophytic fungus Serendipita indica, which has been developed as a model system for beneficial plant–fungus interactions.

中文翻译：

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利用共生植物-真菌相互作用来释放来自极端植物生态系统的隐藏力量。

全球气候变化可以说是现代最大的威胁之一，已经对环境，经济和社会产生了广泛的影响。由于过去的排放和气候系统惯性，即使人为的温室气体排放要立即停止，全球气候变化预计也将持续数十年。在许多地区，例如中欧和地中海地区，温度可能会升高2–5°C，并且预计年降水量会减少。预期的高温和干旱期以及洪水和不可预测的生长季节将对农业生产系统产生不利影响，造成巨大的经济损失和粮食供应问题。为了减轻气候变化的风险，应对这些影响的农业创新必须得到接受和加速。为了实现最大程度的改善，所需的农业创新不应只集中在作物上，而应追求包括整个生态系统在内的整体方法。几百万年来，植物与其他生物（尤其是影响其进化和当代生态的土壤微生物）密切相关地进化。许多研究已经强调了植物与它们共存的微生物群落之间的有益相互作用。这些发现引起的问题是，是否有可能破译共同的分子模式和种间交流的潜在生化框架，以及是否可以在环境压力条件下使用这些知识来改善农业绩效。在这篇综述中，我们总结了植物与极端生态系统中发现的真菌内共生体相互作用的最新知识。将特别注意植物与共生根定殖内生真菌的相互作用Serendipita indica（已开发为有益植物与真菌相互作用的模型系统）。