This study investigated the chemical profiles of PM2.5 from open burning of electronic waste (E-waste), household garbage, wheat residue, and outdoor barbeque in a combustion chamber. Carbonaceous fractions, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and water-soluble ions and elements in PM2.5 were quantified. A PM2.5 exposure study was performed to detect PM2.5-induced bioreactivities in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Among all fractions, organic carbon (OC) exhibited the highest mass contribution to PM2.5-ranging from 39.9% ± 0.82% to 53.1% ± 8.76%. Proportions of total water-soluble ions and total elements both followed the sequence E-waste > wheat straw > outdoor barbeque > household garbage. Because of the high burning temperature, outdoor barbeque PM2.5 exhibited the highest total quantified PAHs (29.7‰). E-waste PM2.5 exhibited the highest heavy metal contents, derived mainly from the materials in printed circuit boards. The coefficients of divergence among the four source profiles ranged from 0.47 to 0.75, indicating that the collinear problems could be avoided in source apportionment in receptor models. The induced production of reactive oxygen species exhibited a significant dose-dependent increase and followed the sequence E-waste > household garbage > outdoor barbeque > wheat residue. Similar patterns and sequence among the four sources were observed in monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) production. The data indicated that PM2.5 emitted from E-waste has the highest cytotoxicity and special protections should be aimed at mitigating it. The Pearson correlation coefficient demonstrated that elemental carbon, heavy metals, and nitrated PAHs were strongly correlated with VSMC bioreactivity. Light elements exhibited moderate negative correlations with bioreactivities, implying that light elements (e.g., Ca) could mitigate heavy metal-induced cytotoxicity. This study summarized the chemical profiles of PM2.5 from four typical open burning sources and demonstrated their high cytotoxicity to the cardiovascular system.

中文翻译：

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从四个典型的露天燃烧源排放的PM2.5的源特征及其对血管平滑肌细胞的细胞毒性。

这项研究调查了燃烧室中电子废物（电子废物），家庭垃圾，小麦残渣和室外烧烤的露天燃烧中PM2.5的化学特征。定量了碳含量，包括多环芳烃（PAH），PM2.5中的水溶性离子和元素。进行了PM2.5暴露研究，以检测PM2.5诱导的血管平滑肌细胞（VSMC）的生物反应性。在所有馏分中，有机碳（OC）对PM2.5的质量贡献最大，从39.9％±0.82％到53.1％±8.76％。总水溶性离子和总元素的比例均遵循以下顺序：电子废物>麦秸>室外烧烤>家庭垃圾。由于高燃烧温度，室外烧烤PM2.5表现出最高的定量PAHs（29.7‰）。电子垃圾PM2。5的重金属含量最高，主要来自印刷电路板中的材料。四个源剖面之间的发散系数在0.47至0.75的范围内，表明可以在受体模型的源分配中避免共线问题。诱导产生的活性氧种类表现出显着的剂量依赖性增加，并遵循以下顺序：电子废物>家庭垃圾>室外烧烤>小麦残渣。在单核细胞趋化蛋白1（MCP-1）和白细胞介素1β（IL-1β）产生中，在四个来源中观察到相似的模式和序列。数据表明，从电子垃圾中释放出的PM2.5具有最高的细胞毒性，应采取特殊的保护措施以减轻其危害。皮尔逊相关系数表明元素碳，重金属和硝化的PAHs与VSMC的生物反应性密切相关。轻元素与生物反应性表现出中等程度的负相关，这意味着轻元素（例如Ca）可以减轻重金属诱导的细胞毒性。这项研究总结了来自四个典型露天燃烧源的PM2.5的化学特征，并证明了其对心血管系统的高细胞毒性。