Antibiotic resistance is one of the major challenges facing modern medicine worldwide. The past few decades have witnessed rapid progress in our understanding of the multiple factors that affect the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance at the population level and the level of the individual patient. However, the process of translating this progress into health policy and clinical practice has been slow. Here, we attempt to consolidate current knowledge about the evolution and ecology of antibiotic resistance into a roadmap for future research as well as clinical and environmental control of antibiotic resistance. At the population level, we examine emergence, transmission and dissemination of antibiotic resistance, and at the patient level, we examine adaptation involving bacterial physiology and host resilience. Finally, we describe new approaches and technologies for improving diagnosis and treatment and minimizing the spread of resistance.

中文翻译：

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抗生素抗性：将进化原理转化为临床现实。

抗生素抗性是全世界现代医学面临的主要挑战之一。在过去的几十年中，我们对影响人群中以及个体患者水平上的抗生素耐药性出现和扩散的多种因素的理解取得了快速进展。但是，将这一进展转化为健康政策和临床实践的过程很缓慢。在这里，我们试图将有关抗生素抗性的进化和生态学的当前知识整合到未来研究以及抗生素抗性的临床和环境控制的路线图中。在人群水平，我们研究了抗生素耐药性的出现，传播和传播，在患者水平，我们研究了涉及细菌生理学和宿主抗性的适应性。最后，