Bioelectronics devices that directly interface with cells and tissue have applications in neural and cardiac stimulation and recording, electroceuticals, and brain machine interfaces for prostheses. The interface between bioelectronic devices and biological tissue is inherently challenging due to the mismatch in both mechanical properties (hard vs soft) and charge carriers (electrons vs ions). In addition to conventional metals and silicon, new materials have bridged this interface, including conducting polymers, carbon-based nanomaterials, as well as ion-conducting polymers and hydrogels. This review provides an update on advances in soft bioelectronic materials for current and future therapeutic applications. Specifically, this review focuses on soft materials that can conduct both electrons and ions, and also deliver drugs and small molecules. The future opportunities and emerging challenges in the field are also highlighted.

中文翻译：

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生物电子学中的软质和离子导电材料：从导电聚合物到水凝胶。

直接与细胞和组织接触的生物电子设备可应用于神经和心脏刺激和记录，电疗用具以及用于假肢的脑机接口。由于机械性能（硬与软）和电荷载流子（电子与离子）的不匹配，生物电子设备与生物组织之间的界面固有地具有挑战性。除了常规金属和硅之外，新材料还桥接了这种界面，包括导电聚合物，碳基纳米材料以及离子导电聚合物和水凝胶。这篇综述提供了用于当前和未来治疗应用的软生物电子材料的最新进展。具体来说，本篇评论着重于既可以传导电子又可以传导离子，还可以递送药物和小分子的柔软材料。