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Current Status of Latency Reversing Agents Facing the Heterogeneity of HIV-1 Cellular and Tissue Reservoirs.
Frontiers in Microbiology ( IF 5.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-24 , DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03060
Amina Ait-Ammar 1 , Anna Kula 2 , Gilles Darcis 3 , Roxane Verdikt 1 , Stephane De Wit 4 , Virginie Gautier 5 , Patrick W G Mallon 5 , Alessandro Marcello 6 , Olivier Rohr 7 , Carine Van Lint 1
Affiliation  

One of the most explored therapeutic approaches aimed at eradicating HIV-1 reservoirs is the "shock and kill" strategy which is based on HIV-1 reactivation in latently-infected cells ("shock" phase) while maintaining antiretroviral therapy (ART) in order to prevent spreading of the infection by the neosynthesized virus. This kind of strategy allows for the "kill" phase, during which latently-infected cells die from viral cytopathic effects or from host cytolytic effector mechanisms following viral reactivation. Several latency reversing agents (LRAs) with distinct mechanistic classes have been characterized to reactivate HIV-1 viral gene expression. Some LRAs have been tested in terms of their potential to purge latent HIV-1 in vivo in clinical trials, showing that reversing HIV-1 latency is possible. However, LRAs alone have failed to reduce the size of the viral reservoirs. Together with the inability of the immune system to clear the LRA-activated reservoirs and the lack of specificity of these LRAs, the heterogeneity of the reservoirs largely contributes to the limited success of clinical trials using LRAs. Indeed, HIV-1 latency is established in numerous cell types that are characterized by distinct phenotypes and metabolic properties, and these are influenced by patient history. Hence, the silencing mechanisms of HIV-1 gene expression in these cellular and tissue reservoirs need to be better understood to rationally improve this cure strategy and hopefully reach clinical success.

中文翻译:

面对HIV-1细胞和组织贮库异质性的潜伏逆转剂的现状。

旨在消灭HIV-1储库的最探索的治疗方法之一是“电击并杀死”策略,该策略基于潜伏感染细胞(“电击”阶段)中HIV-1的重新激活,同时维持抗逆转录病毒疗法(ART)以防止新合成病毒传播感染。这种策略允许“杀死”阶段,在此阶段中,潜伏感染的细胞死于病毒的细胞病变效应或病毒再激活后的宿主溶细胞效应器机制。具有不同机制类别的几种潜伏时间逆转剂(LRA)已被表征为可重新激活HIV-1病毒基因表达。在临床试验中,已经对某些LRAs清除体内潜在HIV-1的潜力进行了测试,表明可以逆转HIV-1潜伏期。然而,单靠LRA并不能减小病毒库的大小。再加上免疫系统无法清除LRA激活的储库,以及这些LRA的特异性不足,储库的异质性在很大程度上限制了使用LRA进行临床试验的成功。确实,HIV-1潜伏期在以不同表型和代谢特性为特征的多种细胞类型中均已确立,并且受患者病史的影响。因此,需要更好地了解这些细胞和组织储库中HIV-1基因表达的沉默机制,以合理地改善该治疗策略并有望获得临床成功。再加上免疫系统无法清除LRA激活的储库,以及这些LRA的特异性不足,储库的异质性在很大程度上限制了使用LRA进行临床试验的成功。确实,HIV-1潜伏期在以不同表型和代谢特性为特征的多种细胞类型中均已确立,并且受患者病史的影响。因此,需要更好地了解这些细胞和组织储库中HIV-1基因表达的沉默机制,以合理地改善该治疗策略并有望获得临床成功。再加上免疫系统无法清除LRA激活的储库,以及这些LRA的特异性不足,储库的异质性在很大程度上限制了使用LRA进行临床试验的成功。确实,HIV-1潜伏期在以不同表型和代谢特性为特征的多种细胞类型中均已确立,并且受患者病史的影响。因此,需要更好地了解这些细胞和组织储库中HIV-1基因表达的沉默机制,以合理地改善该治疗策略并有望获得临床成功。HIV-1潜伏期在以不同表型和代谢特性为特征的多种细胞类型中均已确立,并且受患者病史的影响。因此,需要更好地了解这些细胞和组织贮库中HIV-1基因表达的沉默机制,以合理地改善该治疗策略并有望获得临床成功。HIV-1潜伏期在以不同表型和代谢特性为特征的多种细胞类型中均已确立,并且受患者病史的影响。因此,需要更好地了解这些细胞和组织贮库中HIV-1基因表达的沉默机制,以合理地改善该治疗策略并有望获得临床成功。
更新日期:2020-01-27
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