Sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides) is increasingly cultivated to produce raw materials for food and nutraceuticals. There is little knowledge on composition of sea buckthorn leaves (SBLs) and the key factors influencing the composition. This research aims to unravel the metabolic profile of SBLs and the effects of cultivar, location and stage of growth, and climatic conditions on the metabolic profile of SBLs. Leaves of two sea buckthorn cultivars grown in the south and north of Finland during two consecutive growth seasons were studied using untargeted nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics. The highest variance in the metabolic profile was linked to the growth stage, wherein leaves from the first 7 weeks of harvest were characterized with higher abundance of polyphenols, while relatively higher abundance of carbohydrates and sugars was observed in the later weeks. The growth location attributed for the second highest variation, wherein the north-south comparison identified fatty acids and sugars as discriminatory metabolites, and the potential association of metabolome to natural abiotic stressors was revealed. An inverse correlation between carbohydrate/sugar content as well as fatty acids of higher carbon chain length with the temperature variables was evident. The supervised chemometric models with high sensitivity and specificity classified and predicted the samples based on growth stage and location, and cultivar. Nontargeted NMR-metabolomics revealed the metabolic profile of SBLs and their variation associated with various biotic and abiotic factors. Cultivar and growth stage are key factors to consider when harvesting SBLs for use in food and nutraceuticals. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Globally, sea buckthorn cultivation has been rapidly increasing due to the known health-promoting benefits of the berries and leaves of the plant. The current research obtained new comprehensive information on the compositional profile of sea buckthorn leaves as well as the impact of major contributory factors, such as cultivars, the advancement of growth stage, geographical location, and weather parameters. The findings of this research provide new knowledge and guidance for plant breeding, cultivation and commercial utilization of sea buckthorn leaves as raw materials for food, feed, and nutraceuticals.

中文翻译：

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非靶向代谢指纹揭示生长阶段和位置对沙棘（沙棘）叶组成的影响

沙棘（Hippophaë rhamnoides）越来越多地用于生产食品和保健品的原料。关于沙棘叶 (SBLs) 的成分和影响成分的关键因素知之甚少。本研究旨在阐明 SBLs 的代谢特征以及栽培品种、生长位置和生长阶段以及气候条件对 SBLs 代谢特征的影响。使用非靶向核磁共振 (NMR) 代谢组学研究了在芬兰南部和北部连续两个生长季节生长的两种沙棘品种的叶子。代谢曲线的最大差异与生长阶段有关，其中收获前 7 周的叶子具有较高的多酚丰度，而在随后的几周中观察到的碳水化合物和糖的丰度相对较高。生长位置归因于第二大变异，其中南北比较将脂肪酸和糖类确定为有区别的代谢物，并揭示了代谢组与天然非生物压力因素的潜在关联。碳水化合物/糖含量以及更高碳链长度的脂肪酸与温度变量之间的负相关是明显的。具有高灵敏度和特异性的监督化学计量模型根据生长阶段和位置以及品种对样品进行分类和预测。非靶向 NMR 代谢组学揭示了 SBL 的代谢特征及其与各种生物和非生物因素相关的变异。在收获用于食品和营养品的 SBL 时，栽培品种和生长阶段是需要考虑的关键因素。实际应用：在全球范围内，由于沙棘浆果和叶子对健康有益，沙棘种植量迅速增加。目前的研究获得了关于沙棘叶组成剖面的新综合信息，以及主要影响因素的影响，如栽培品种、生长阶段的进展、地理位置和天气参数。该研究结果为沙棘叶作为食品、饲料和营养品原料的植物育种、栽培和商业利用提供了新的知识和指导。由于该植物的浆果和叶子具有已知的促进健康的益处，沙棘的种植一直在迅速增加。目前的研究获得了关于沙棘叶组成剖面的新综合信息，以及主要影响因素的影响，如栽培品种、生长阶段的进展、地理位置和天气参数。该研究结果为沙棘叶作为食品、饲料和营养品原料的植物育种、栽培和商业利用提供了新的知识和指导。由于该植物的浆果和叶子具有已知的促进健康的益处，沙棘的种植一直在迅速增加。目前的研究获得了关于沙棘叶组成剖面的新综合信息，以及主要影响因素的影响，如栽培品种、生长阶段的进展、地理位置和天气参数。该研究结果为沙棘叶作为食品、饲料和营养品原料的植物育种、栽培和商业利用提供了新的知识和指导。目前的研究获得了关于沙棘叶组成剖面的新综合信息，以及主要影响因素的影响，如栽培品种、生长阶段的进展、地理位置和天气参数。该研究结果为沙棘叶作为食品、饲料和营养品原料的植物育种、栽培和商业利用提供了新的知识和指导。目前的研究获得了关于沙棘叶组成剖面的新综合信息，以及主要影响因素的影响，如栽培品种、生长阶段的进展、地理位置和天气参数。该研究结果为沙棘叶作为食品、饲料和营养品原料的植物育种、栽培和商业利用提供了新的知识和指导。