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Pancreatic α-cells - The unsung heroes in islet function.
Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology ( IF 7.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-24 , DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.01.006
Anna Wendt 1 , Lena Eliasson 1
Affiliation  

The pancreatic islets of Langerhans consist of several hormone-secreting cell types important for blood glucose control. The insulin secreting β-cells are the best studied of these cell types, but less is known about the glucagon secreting α-cells. The α-cells secrete glucagon as a response to low blood glucose. The major function of glucagon is to release glucose from the glycogen stores in the liver. In both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, glucagon secretion is dysregulated further exaggerating the hyperglycaemia, and in type 1 diabetes α-cells fail to counter regulate hypoglycaemia. Although glucagon has been recognized for almost 100 years, the understanding of how glucagon secretion is regulated and how glucagon act within the islet is far from complete. However, α-cell research has taken off lately which is promising for future knowledge. In this review we aim to highlight α-cell regulation and glucagon secretion with a special focus on recent discoveries from human islets. We will present some novel aspects of glucagon function and effects of selected glucose lowering agents on glucagon secretion.



中文翻译:

胰腺α细胞-胰岛功能中无名英雄。

Langerhans的胰岛由几种对血糖控制很重要的激素分泌细胞组成。在这些细胞类型中,分泌胰岛素的β细胞是研究得最好的,但是对于分泌胰高血糖素的α细胞知之甚少。α细胞分泌胰高血糖素作为对低血糖的反应。胰高血糖素的主要功能是从肝脏的糖原储存中释放葡萄糖。在1型和2型糖尿病中,胰高血糖素的分泌失调进一步加剧了高血糖,而在1型糖尿病中,α-细胞不能抵抗低血糖的调节。尽管胰高血糖素已被公认近100年,但对胰高血糖素分泌如何调节以及胰高血糖素如何在胰岛内发挥作用的了解还远远不够。但是,α细胞的研究近来已经起飞,这对将来的知识很有前途。在这篇综述中,我们旨在突出α细胞的调节和胰高血糖素的分泌,特别关注人类胰岛的最新发现。我们将介绍胰高血糖素功能的一些新方面以及所选的降糖药对胰高血糖素分泌的影响。

更新日期:2020-01-24
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