To ensure the food security of future generations and to address the challenge of the ‘no hunger zone’ proposed by the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), crop production must be doubled by 2050, but environmental stresses are counteracting this goal. Heat stress in particular is affecting agricultural crops more frequently and more severely. Since the discovery of the physiological, molecular, and genetic bases of heat stress responses, cultivated plants have become the subject of intense research on how they may avoid or tolerate heat stress by either using natural genetic variation or creating new variation with DNA technologies, mutational breeding, or genome editing. This review reports current understanding of the genetic and molecular bases of heat stress in crops together with recent approaches to creating heat-tolerant varieties. Research is close to a breakthrough of global relevance, breeding plants fitter to face the biggest challenge of our time.

中文翻译：

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作物和育种中热应激反应的分子和遗传基础，可提高适应力和生产力。

为了确保子孙后代的粮食安全并应对粮农组织（粮食及农业组织）提出的“无饥饿区”的挑战，到2050年农作物的产量必须增加一倍，但环境压力正在抵消这一目标。特别是热应激正在更频繁，更严重地影响农作物。自从发现热应激反应的生理，分子和遗传基础以来，栽培植物已成为有关如何通过使用自然遗传变异或利用DNA技术创造新变异来避免或耐受热胁迫的深入研究的主题。育种或基因组编辑。这篇综述报告了当前对作物热胁迫的遗传和分子基础的了解，以及创建耐热品种的最新方法。