Chloropicrin is a volatile and reactive chemical that has been utilized as a warfare agent and a pesticide to fumigate soil against insects, fungi and nematodes. It poses a health risk to humans and animals if inhaled. The main source of chloropicrin exposure is occupational and occurs during its manufacture, transport and fumigation. Chloropicrin is toxic via all routes of exposure but the main route of systemic exposure is inhalation of the ambient air. Thus, the toxicity mainly affects the respiratory system. After a low level exposure, the first sign is irritation of the upper respiratory tract and eyes. Irritation is mediated by the sensory nerve fibers, which coordinate further activation of various protective reflexes. Chloropicrin-induced irritation is generally reversible but can alter airway responsiveness to other inhalation toxicants. Severe exposures cause injuries in the respiratory tract, inflammation, and even life-threatening edema. Much of the chloropicrin-caused symptoms and toxicity in the respiratory system displays similarities with those evoked by chlorine, which is also a breakdown product of chloropicrin. This review summarizes the latest information on chloropicrin with emphasis on the toxicity in the respiratory system. The data indicates that oxidative stress, modification of macromolecules, mutations, dysfunctions of cell organelles and cell death are involved in acute chloropicrin-induced toxicity in the respiratory system.

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氯化苦引起的呼吸系统毒性

氯化苦是一种挥发性和反应性化学物质，已被用作战剂和杀虫剂，用于熏蒸土壤以对抗昆虫、真菌和线虫。如果吸入，它会对人和动物的健康构成威胁。氯化苦暴露的主要来源是职业，发生在其制造、运输和熏蒸过程中。氯化苦通过所有接触途径都是有毒的，但全身接触的主要途径是吸入环境空气。因此，毒性主要影响呼吸系统。低水平接触后，第一个迹象是刺激上呼吸道和眼睛。刺激是由感觉神经纤维介导的，它协调各种保护性反射的进一步激活。氯化苦引起的刺激通常是可逆的，但会改变气道对其他吸入毒物的反应。严重接触会导致呼吸道受伤、炎症，甚至危及生命的水肿。呼吸系统中由氯化苦引起的大部分症状和毒性与氯引起的症状和毒性相似，氯也是氯化苦的分解产物。本综述总结了氯化苦的最新信息，重点介绍了呼吸系统的毒性。数据表明氧化应激、大分子修饰、突变、细胞器功能障碍和细胞死亡与氯化苦引起的呼吸系统急性毒性有关。它也是氯化苦的分解产物。本综述总结了氯化苦的最新信息，重点介绍了呼吸系统的毒性。数据表明氧化应激、大分子修饰、突变、细胞器功能障碍和细胞死亡与氯化苦引起的呼吸系统急性毒性有关。它也是氯化苦的分解产物。本综述总结了氯化苦的最新信息，重点介绍了呼吸系统的毒性。数据表明氧化应激、大分子修饰、突变、细胞器功能障碍和细胞死亡与氯化苦引起的呼吸系统急性毒性有关。