A disposable electrochemical paper‐based analytical device was constructed based on use of sequential analysis with multiplexed working electrodes and applied for the determination of glucose, creatinine, and uric acid. The device was constructed with 16 microfluidic channels, with 16 working electrodes arranged in four set with four components surrounding the sample injection hole. In addition, a commercial multiplexing module was used, which allowed for multiplexing of the 16 working electrodes. This design allowed for radial and homogeneous sample elution to each sensing spot for high throughput analysis. In the multiplexed determinations, distinct electrochemical procedures were employed for each analyte. Furthermore, each working electrode spot was modified to increase the respective analytical signals. For glucose detection, the sensor was based on electron mediation by ferrocenecarboxylic acid over the modified surface with glucose oxidase. The principle for creatinine detection was based on electrochemical reduction of non‐complexed Fe³⁺ in excess after complex formation between Fe³⁺ and creatinine in the chemical step. The anodic peak current responses for uric acid detection increased due to working electrode surface modification with carbon black nanoparticles. In the multiplexed analysis, the device provided limits of detection of 0.120 mmol L⁻¹, 0.084 mmol L⁻¹, and 0.012 mmol L⁻¹ for glucose, creatinine, and uric acid, respectively. The developed device was successfully applied in the analyses of real urine samples.

中文翻译：

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新型带有复合电极的一次性电化学纸基微流控装置，用于尿液样品中生物标志物的测定

基于具有多个工作电极的顺序分析，构建了一种基于纸张的一次性电化学分析设备，并将其用于测定葡萄糖，肌酐和尿酸。该设备具有16个微流体通道，其中16个工作电极按四组排列，其中四个组件围绕样品注入孔。另外，使用了商业复用模块，其允许16个工作电极的复用。这种设计允许径向和均质样品洗脱到每个传感点，以进行高通量分析。在多重测定中，每种分析物采用不同的电化学程序。此外，修改每个工作电极点以增加各自的分析信号。对于葡萄糖检测，该传感器基于二茂铁羧酸在葡萄糖氧化酶修饰的表面上的电子介导。肌酐检测的原理是基于非复合铁的电化学还原³⁺过量的Fe后之间的复合物形成³⁺在化学步骤和肌酸酐。尿酸检测的阳极峰值电流响应由于使用炭黑纳米粒子对工作电极进行了表面修饰而增加了。在多路复用分析，该装置提供了检测的0.120毫摩尔升限度^-1，0.084毫摩尔大号^-1，和0.012毫摩尔大号^-1分别为葡萄糖，肌酸酐和尿酸。开发的设备已成功应用于实际尿液样品的分析。