As a novel member of the two-dimensional nanomaterial family, mono- or few-layer black phosphorus (BP) with direct bandgap and high charge carrier mobility is promising in many applications such as microelectronic devices, photoelectronic devices, energy technologies, and catalysis agents. Due to its benign elemental composition (phosphorus), large surface area, electronic/photonic performances, and chemical/biological activities, BP has also demonstrated a great potential in biomedical applications including biosensing, photothermal/photodynamic therapies, controlled drug releases, and antibacterial uses. The nature of the BP-bio interface is comprised of dynamic contacts between nanomaterials (NMs) and biological systems, where BP and the biological system interact. The physicochemical interactions at the nano-bio interface play a critical role in the biological effects of NMs. In this review, we discuss the interface in the context of BP as a nanomaterial and its unique physicochemical properties that may affect its biological effects. Herein, we comprehensively reviewed the recent studies on the interactions between BP and biomolecules, cells, and animals and summarized various cellular responses, inflammatory/immunological effects, as well as other biological outcomes of BP depending on its own physical properties, exposure routes, and biodistribution. In addition, we also discussed the environmental behaviors and potential risks on environmental organisms of BP. Based on accumulating knowledge on the BP-bio interfaces, this review also summarizes various safer-by-design strategies to change the physicochemical properties including chemical stability and nano-bio interactions, which are critical in tuning the biological behaviors of BP. The better understanding of the biological activity of BP at BP-bio interfaces and corresponding methods to overcome the challenges would promote its future exploration in terms of bringing this new nanomaterial to practical applications.

中文翻译：

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纳米生物界面处黑磷的特性-活性关系：从分子到生物。

作为二维纳米材料家族的新型成员，具有直接带隙和高载流子迁移率的单层或少层黑磷（BP）在许多应用中很有希望，例如微电子器件，光电器件，能源技术和催化剂。由于其良性的元素组成（磷），较大的表面积，电子/光子性能以及化学/生物活性，BP在生物医学应用（包括生物传感，光热/光动力疗法，药物释放控制和抗菌用途）中也显示出巨大潜力。BP生物界面的性质包括纳米材料（NMs）与生物系统之间的动态接触，其中BP与生物系统相互作用。纳米生物界面处的物理化学相互作用在NMs的生物学效应中起关键作用。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了以BP为纳米材料的界面及其可能影响其生物学效应的独特理化性质。本文中，我们全面回顾了BP与生物分子，细胞和动物之间相互作用的最新研究，并根据其自身的物理特性，暴露途径和对BP的各种细胞反应，炎性/免疫作用以及其他生物学结果进行了总结。生物分布。此外，我们还讨论了BP环境生物的环境行为和潜在风险。基于对BP-bio界面的积累知识，这篇综述还总结了改变物理化学性质的各种安全设计策略，包括化学稳定性和纳米生物相互作用，这对于调节BP的生物学行为至关重要。更好地了解BP在BP-bio界面上的生物活性以及克服挑战的相应方法，将有助于在将这种新的纳米材料投入实际应用方面进行未来的探索。