Abstract A remarkable sand injectite complex (1 million km2) is hosted in Parana volcanic province, South America, and is here described. Named Novo Hamburgo Complex, these sand injectites originated by the interaction of several major geological processes, as presently described in Campo Grande and Serra de Maracaju cuesta, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The geologically unique relationship of a major continental flood basalt province with the underlying large freshwater Guarani aquifer – hosted in paleodune sands of the largest known paleoerg – resulted in a network of sand injectites where each basalt lava flow was injected and then covered by sand extrudite. The basaltic lavas were individualized by chemical characteristics and correlated (with cover extrudite) along the escarpment of the cuesta for 10–30 km. After cooling, each volcanic unit underwent prolonged hydrothermal alteration. Porosity vanished by sealing with chalcedony during continued percolation of hot water. The process culminated in the explosive injection and effusion of fluidized sand, resulting in the covering of each lava flow with a sand extrudite. Lavas were sealed in sequence above the underlying aquifer, resulting in the explosive injection and effusion of fluidized sand. The interplay of three major geological features was required in the Cretaceous Parana Basin to build the geology of Serra de Maracaju and Novo Hamburgo Complex: (1) a huge continental flood basalt province, (2) a huge underlying paleoerg, and (3) a large, underlying Guarani aquifer. An infinite volume of hot water and its vapor was available for the alteration, injection, and effusion processes of sand extrudites. Injection was triggered by residual volcanic heat and possibly earthquakes.

中文翻译：

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巴拉那火山省西北部连续玄武岩流上的流化砂流

摘要 一个非凡的注砂复合体（100 万平方公里）位于南美洲巴拉那火山省，并在此进行了描述。这些砂岩注入岩被命名为新汉堡复合体，起源于几个主要地质过程的相互作用，如目前在巴西南马托格罗索州的 Campo Grande 和 Serra de Maracaju cuesta 所描述的那样。主要大陆洪水玄武岩省与下伏的大型淡水瓜拉尼含水层的地质独特关系 - 位于已知最大的古尔格的古沙丘砂中 - 导致了一个砂注入网络，其中每个玄武岩熔岩流被注入，然后被砂挤出物覆盖。玄武岩熔岩通过化学特征进行个性化，并沿着 10-30 公里的cuesta 悬崖关联（与覆盖挤出物）。冷却后，每个火山单元都经历了长时间的热液蚀变。在热水的持续渗透过程中，通过用玉髓密封，孔隙消失了。该过程最终导致流化砂的爆炸性注入和流出，导致每个熔岩流都被砂挤出物覆盖。熔岩在下伏含水层上方依次被封堵，导致流化砂爆炸性注入和渗出。白垩纪巴拉那盆地需要三个主要地质特征的相互作用才能构建马拉卡茹山脉和新汉堡综合体的地质：(1) 一个巨大的大陆洪水玄武岩省，(2) 一个巨大的下伏古尔格，以及 (3)巨大的下伏瓜拉尼含水层。无限量的热水及其蒸气可用于砂粒挤出物的改造、注入和渗出过程。