Pre-performance routines (PPRs) can be used in certain sports to minimize the effects of choking under pressure. This study aimed to investigate the cumulative effectiveness of PPR interventions on the accuracy of beach volleyball serves. Fifty-four beach volleyball players were randomly assigned to one of three PPR intervention groups or a control group. Participants performed 10 serves at a target on the opposite side of the beach volleyball court (pretest), were educated on a PPR intervention, and then completed 10 serves at the target under pressure that was induced through videotaping and ego-relevant instructions (posttest). The results indicated no difference in post-test serving accuracy among the intervention groups and the wait-list control group and no difference in effectiveness between cumulative and isolated PPR use. A possible explanation may be the inefficiency of the pressure manipulation. However, the null results related to isolated and cumulative PPR use under general (i.e., no pressure) conditions are still an important research finding. Future research should investigate the effectiveness of cumulative and other PPRs in other sports in general and under pressure.

中文翻译：

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调查沙滩排球表演前常规干预的累积效果。

表演前程序（PPR）可以用于某些运动中，以最大程度地减少在压力下窒息的影响。这项研究旨在调查PPR干预对沙滩排球发球准确性的累积效果。54名沙滩排球运动员被随机分配到三个PPR干预组之一或一个对照组中。参与者在沙滩排球场另一侧的目标上进行了10次发球（预测试），在PPR干预下接受了教育，然后在通过录像和自我相关指令引起的压力下，在目标上完成了10次发球（后测） 。结果表明干预组和候补对照组之间的测试后服药准确性无差异，累积和独立使用PPR的有效性无差异。可能的解释可能是压力操作效率低下。但是，与在一般（即无压力）条件下隔离和累计使用PPR相关的无效结果仍然是重要的研究发现。未来的研究应该调查在总体上和压力下在其他运动中累积和其他PPR的有效性。