Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-bound organelles naturally released from cells and potentially function as vehicles of intercellular communication. Cells release numerous sub-species of EVs, including exosomes and microvesicles, which are formed via distinct cellular pathways and molecular machineries and contain specific proteins, RNAs and lipids. Accumulating evidence indicates that the repertoire of molecules packaged into EVs is shaped by both the physiological state of the cell and the EV biogenesis pathway involved. Although these observations intimate that precisely regulated pathways sort molecules into EVs, the underlying molecular mechanisms that direct molecules for secretion remain poorly defined. Recently, with the advancement of mass spectrometry, next-generation sequencing techniques and molecular biology tools, several mechanisms contributing to EV cargo selection are beginning to be unraveled. This review examines strategies employed to reveal how specific proteins, RNAs and lipids are directed for secretion via EVs.

中文翻译：

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揭示细胞外囊泡中特定分子分泌的机制

细胞外囊泡 (EV) 是由细胞自然释放的小膜结合细胞器，可能作为细胞间通讯的载体。细胞释放出许多 EV 亚种，包括外泌体和微泡，它们通过不同的细胞通路和分子机制形成，并含有特定的蛋白质、RNA 和脂质。越来越多的证据表明，包装到 EV 中的分子库是由细胞的生理状态和所涉及的 EV 生物发生途径共同决定的。尽管这些观察表明精确调控的途径将分子分类为 EV，但指导分子分泌的潜在分子机制仍然不清楚。近年来，随着质谱、新一代测序技术和分子生物学工具的进步，一些有助于选择 EV 货物的机制开始被解开。本综述研究了用于揭示特定蛋白质、RNA 和脂质如何通过 EV 进行分泌的策略。