With the rapid progress of recent years, techniques that generate and manipulate multimedia content can now guarantee a very advanced level of realism. The boundary between real and synthetic media has become very thin. On the one hand, this opens the door to a series of exciting applications in different fields such as creative arts, advertising, film production, video games. On the other hand, it poses enormous security threats. Software packages freely available on the web allow any individual, without special skills, to create very realistic fake images and videos. So-called deepfakes can be used to manipulate public opinion during elections, commit fraud, discredit or blackmail people. Potential abuses are limited only by human imagination. Therefore, there is an urgent need for automated tools capable of detecting false multimedia content and avoiding the spread of dangerous false information. This review paper aims to present an analysis of the methods for visual media integrity verification, that is, the detection of manipulated images and videos. Special emphasis will be placed on the emerging phenomenon of deepfakes and, from the point of view of the forensic analyst, on modern data-driven forensic methods. The analysis will help to highlight the limits of current forensic tools, the most relevant issues, the upcoming challenges, and suggest future directions for research.

中文翻译：

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媒体取证和 DeepFakes：概述

随着近年来的快速发展，生成和处理多媒体内容的技术现在可以保证非常高级的真实感。真实媒体和合成媒体之间的界限变得非常薄。一方面，这为创意艺术、广告、电影制作、视频游戏等不同领域的一系列令人兴奋的应用打开了大门。另一方面，它带来了巨大的安全威胁。网络上免费提供的软件包允许任何没有特殊技能的人创建非常逼真的假图像和视频。所谓的深度造假可用于在选举期间操纵舆论、欺诈、诋毁或勒索人们。潜在的滥用仅受人类想象力的限制。所以，迫切需要能够检测虚假多媒体内容并避免危险虚假信息传播的自动化工具。本综述旨在分析视觉媒体完整性验证的方法，即检测被操纵的图像和视频。将特别强调深度伪造的新兴现象，从法医分析师的角度来看，现代数据驱动的法医方法将受到特别重视。该分析将有助于突出当前取证工具的局限性、最相关的问题、即将到来的挑战，并提出未来的研究方向。将特别强调深度伪造的新兴现象，从法医分析师的角度来看，现代数据驱动的法医方法将受到特别重视。该分析将有助于突出当前取证工具的局限性、最相关的问题、即将到来的挑战，并提出未来的研究方向。将特别强调深度伪造的新兴现象，从法医分析师的角度来看，现代数据驱动的法医方法将受到特别重视。该分析将有助于突出当前取证工具的局限性、最相关的问题、即将到来的挑战，并提出未来的研究方向。