Ionic liquids (ILs) are extensively used in various fields, posing a potential threat in the ecosystem because of their high stability, excellent solubility, and biological toxicity. In this study, the toxicity mechanism of three ILs, 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C₈MIM]Cl), 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C₁₀MIM]Cl), and 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C₁₂MIM]Cl) on Arabidopsis thaliana were revealed. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level increased with higher concentration and longer carbon chain length of ILs, which led to the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) content and antioxidase activity, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and peroxidase (POD) activities. SOD, CAT, and GPX activities decreased in high ILs concentration due to the excessive ROS. Differentially expressed protein was analyzed based on Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathways analysis. 70, 45, 84 up-regulated proteins, and 72, 104, 79 down-regulated proteins were identified in [C₈MIM]Cl, [C₁₀MIM]Cl, and [C₁₂MIM]Cl treatment, respectively (fold change ≥ 1.5 with ≥95% confidence). Cellular aldehyde metabolic process, mitochondrial and mitochondrial respiratory chains, glutathione transferase and oxidoreductase activity were enriched as up-regulated proteins as the defense mechanism of A. thaliana to resist external stresses. Chloroplast, photosynthetic membrane and thylakoid, structural constituent of ribosome, and transmembrane transport were enriched as the down-regulated protein. Compared with the control, 8 and 14 KEGG pathways were identified forup-regulated and down-regulated proteins, respectively, in three IL treatments. Metabolic pathways, carbon metabolism, biosynthesis of amino acids, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism were significantly down-regulated. The GO terms annotation demonstrated the oxidative stress response and effects on photosynthesis of A. thaliana in ILs treatment from biological process, cellular component, and molecular function categories.

离子液体（ILs）广泛用于各个领域，由于它们的高稳定性，出色的溶解性和生物毒性而对生态系统构成潜在威胁。在这项研究中，三种ILs的毒性机理分别是1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑鎓氯化物（[C ₈ MIM] Cl），1-癸基-3-甲基咪唑鎓氯化物（[C ₁₀ MIM] Cl）和1-十二烷基-拟南芥上的3-甲基咪唑氯化物（[C ₁₂ MIM] Cl）被揭示。活性氧（ROS）水平随着IL浓度的升高和碳链长度的增加而增加，这导致丙二醛（MDA）含量和抗氧化酶活性的增加，包括超氧化物歧化酶（SOD），过氧化氢酶（CAT），谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPX） ）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性。由于过量的ROS，高ILs浓度下SOD，CAT和GPX活性降低。基于基因本体论（GO）和KEGG通路分析，分析差异表达的蛋白质。在[C ₈ MIM] Cl，[C ₁₀ MIM] Cl和[C _12中，鉴定出70、45、84个上调的蛋白和72、104、79个下调的蛋白MIM] Cl分别治疗（倍数变化≥1.5，置信度≥95％）。拟南芥的防御机制丰富了细胞醛代谢过程，线粒体和线粒体呼吸链，谷胱甘肽转移酶和氧化还原酶的活性。抵抗外部压力。叶绿体，光合膜和类囊体，核糖体的结构组成和跨膜转运均作为下调的蛋白质而丰富。与对照组相比，在三种IL处理中，分别确定了8条和14条KEGG通路上调和下调蛋白质。代谢途径，碳代谢，氨基酸的生物合成，卟啉和叶绿素代谢均显着下调。GO术语注释从生物学过程，细胞成分和分子功能类别证明了ILs处理中拟南芥的氧化应激反应及其对光合作用的影响。